<p>Windsor Shire Council Chambers is a heritage-listed former town hall at 356 Lutwyche Road, Windsor, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by architect Thomas Coutts and built from 1896 to 1897 by William Parsons. It is also known as Windsor Town Council Chambers. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Windsor Shire Council Chambers was erected in 1896-97 for a cost of £736.</p><br>
<p>The Windsor Shire Council was formed in 1886 and initially rented space for chambers and offices. In July 1895 the Council decided to erect permanent chambers and engaged Thomas Coutts, a Brisbane-born architect who also worked in Sydney, Melbourne and Newcastle during the 1890s, to design a modest building. In October 1896 a contract for £584 was signed with builder William Parsons. A separate contract for £80 was let for the boundary wall, which was completed in December 1897.</p><br>
<p>The first meeting of the Windsor Council in the new premises was conducted on 9 March 1897. The building housed the offices and chambers of the Windsor Shire Council (Windsor Town Council from 1904) until the amalgamation of Greater Brisbane in 1925, when it became the property of the Brisbane City Council.</p><br>
<p>The Brisbane City Council used the building for regional office space and storage. Alterations undertaken by the Council included: widening of the southern window in the office adjoining the front porch to create a doorway; concreting of strong room and toilet floors; relining of ceilings; sealing of fireplaces; and cutting a new door in the corridor.</p><br>
<p>In 1987 the exterior stonework was redressed as part of a restoration project by the Brisbane City Council. Also the original interior colour scheme was identified, and the grounds were returfed and paved to resemble a typical Brisbane turn of the century garden design.</p><br>
<p>The premises were vacated by the Council in late 1990, and are now used by the Brisbane Branch of National Trust of Queensland and the Windsor and District Historical Society for offices and meeting rooms.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Windsor Shire Council Chambers is a small masonry building constructed of locally quarried porphyry (Brisbane tuff), with dressed sandstone facings and trimmings. It is capped with a corrugated iron gabled roof.</p><br>
<p>The building is domestic in scale and concept, yet its original civic function is expressed in decorative elements such as an arched entrance with drip moulding, quoining to the rectangular windows, and stepped sandstone courses at the gables. A sandstone slab on the front gable bears the inscription "Windsor Shire Council Chambers", with the word "Shire" overwritten by "Town".</p><br>
<p>The entrance verandah, which has been enclosed with glazing, leads a to central corridor, with two offices to the left and a front office and council meeting room to the right. These are connected by a small attached porch on the eastern side of the building. At the rear an attached stone wing houses a strong room and toilets. Flooring was timber originally, but some floors are now concreted. The interior walls and partitions are plastered and painted.</p><br>
<p>Located on an island of land, bounded by Lutwyche Road, Hawkins and Palmer Streets, the Windsor Shire Council Chambers occupies a highly visible position, and together with the Windsor War Memorial Park opposite is particularly prominent from the southern approach along Lutwyche Road.</p><br>
<p>The site is fenced on three sides with a stone wall and iron pickets, the entrance defined by substantial stone gateposts, cast-iron gates, and a thin metal arch from which an ornate gas lantern once hung. A number of mature fig trees and palms enhance the building&#39;s setting.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Windsor Shire Council Chambers (former) was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Windsor Shire Council Chambers is important for its association with the Windsor Shire and the development of the Windsor district.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Windsor Shire Council Chambers is significant as a fine and unusual example of a small scale masonry civic building.</p><br>
<p>Windsor Shire Council Chambers is significant as an example of the work of architect Thomas Coutts.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Windsor Shire Council Chambers is significant for its landmark quality, townscape contribution of both building and site to the Windsor area.</p><br>
<p>The Elijah Iles House is a historic house located at 624 South 7th Street in Springfield, Illinois. William Vigal built the house for Elijah Iles in 1832; it is one of the oldest surviving houses in Springfield.</p><br>
<p>Iles, who moved to Springfield in 1821, was one of the city&#39;s earliest settlers. He ran the first store in Sangamon County and helped persuade the county to locate the county seat in Springfield. His house has a Greek Revival design inspired by Southern architecture. It is one of the few Greek Revival residences in Central Illinois.</p><br>
<p>The house is owned by the Elijah Iles House Foundation and features the Museum of Springfield History on the lower level.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 23, 1978.</p><br>
<p>Brisbane City Council Tramways Substation No. 8 is a heritage-listed electrical substation at 134 Kedron Park Road, Wooloowin, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1934 to 1937. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 August 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Brisbane City Council Tramway substation no 8 is a two-storey building of dark brick built to the design of Brisbane City Council Tramways architect R R Ogg between 1934-37.</p><br>
<p>Horse-drawn trams operated in Brisbane from August 1885, operated by an English company, Metropolitan Tramway and Investment Co. Ltd. The first public supply of electricity in Brisbane was from a generator in Edison Lane, which supplied the General Post Office in 1888. Early development in the industry was in the hands of a number of private companies and the situation was complex because the metropolitan area comprised fourteen separate local authorities. After various liquidations and restructurings the City Electric Light Company Limited (CEL) was established in 1904. Parallel development took place in electric traction. The Brisbane Tramways Company, a private enterprise formed in 1895, introduced the first electric trams to Brisbane in 1897 after purchasing the early horse car system, converting it to electric operation and expanding and extending the routes. A power station to supply current to the electric trams was constructed in Countess Street in 1897.</p><br>
<p>As the tramway system extended out into the suburbs, the Countess Street power station was unable to supply all the energy requirements. Two engine sets from Countess Street were transferred to a building in Logan Road to provide for a feeding point for the system on the south side of the river. Supply was also fed from the tramway 550-volt DC mains to a number of establishments along the tramway routes, such as butcher shops, sawmills and factories. By 1918, the whole of the tramways public power supply equipment in South Brisbane was sold to the City Electric Light Company, which developed a supply for South Brisbane from its power station in William Street. At the conclusion of World War I there was general support for the notion that the tramway system should be owned and operated by a public authority rather than a private company. In 1922, an Act of Parliament inaugurated the Brisbane Tramway Trust.</p><br>
<p>The establishment in 1925 of the Brisbane City Council created a single public authority that could plan for the provision of electrical services throughout the entire city. Expansion of electricity supply and the development of better public transport networks were important issues for the Greater Brisbane City Council and were closely linked to the spread of suburban development. At a time when few working people owned their own transport, a reliable public transport system was essential to link people with their work and with schools, shops and services. However, the situation of energy generation and supply was chaotic. Three small obsolete power stations generated energy for trams and electricity for Ithaca and Toowong and the supply for all other suburbs was purchased in bulk from CEL under 10 year agreements.</p><br>
<p>The 1920s and 1930s was a period of tramways expansion following the BCC acquisition of the tramways system from the Brisbane Tramways Trust in 1925. In 1926 the Greater Brisbane Council, anxious to control the city&#39;s electricity supply, decided to build its own powerhouse at New Farm, under the supervision of the BCC Tramways Department. Opened on 28 June 1928, New Farm Power Station distributed 1100 kW AC power to a network of 11 suburban tramways substations erected in the 1920s and 1930s. The substations were located at strategic points throughout the system - substations No. 2 (Russell Street) and No. 6 (Windsor) came into service in 1927, No. 4 (Petrie Terrace) and No. 5 (Newstead) in 1928; Substation No. 9 (Norman Park) came on line in 1935.</p><br>
<p>Considerable attention was given to the design of the substations serving the tramway system. The architecture was marked by the stylistic preferences of individual architects particularly the Brisbane City Architects AH Foster and FG Costello and the BCC Tramways architect RR Ogg. Although they were robust utility buildings, generally small in scale, elegant proportions and such details as finely crafted brickwork distinguished them.</p><br>
<p>By 1933 an additional substation was urgently required at Kedron in order to relieve a serious overload being carried every afternoon by the substation at Windsor, where the 500 kW mercury arc rectifier plant was carrying 700 volts. Council minutes suggest that provision for this new substation should have been made two or three years prior to 1933, but that the expenditure was delayed for financial reasons until it became essential for safety.</p><br>
<p>On 29 May 1934 the council authorised purchase of an allotment facing Kedron Brook Road and adjoining the Kedron Park Hotel for the purpose of constructing a tramway substation. Tenders were received on 8 June 1934 and that of General Electric Industries Limited Brisbane was accepted using materials supplied by British Thomson Houston Ltd of Rugby. A further portion of land to be used as an easement was purchased in August 1934.</p><br>
<p>Prior to 1940, the design of substations was the responsibility of BCC Tramways Department architect and construction engineer, Roy Rusden Ogg. In conjunction with the tramway&#39;s chief engineers Nelson and Arundell, he designed at least 10 Brisbane substations between 1926 and 1936 and the first two stages of the New Farm powerhouse. Ogg also designed the Tramways Departments Head Office building on Coronation Drive in 1929.</p><br>
<p>The Kedron substation remained in service until the phasing out of Brisbanes trams in the late 1960s. In 1969 the line was closed and the substations electrical equipment was removed, though the travelling crane remained. The building became a State Emergency Services Depot and changes were made to the interior to accommodate this use. The lower level of the original two level floor has been extended to park a rescue boat and a mezzanine level was inserted in the mid 1980s. A single storey brick garage has been added.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former substation is a two-storey building of austere appearance and is constructed of dark, glazed bricks laid in English bond.</p><br>
<p>It has a metal clad gabled roof concealed by a brick parapet at the front and sides. The parapet on the front and western sides is decorated with a moulded brickwork stringcourse and a decorative band comprising three-course corbelling, brick dentils and a cornice. The sheet metal rainwater heads and downpipes are also finely detailed. The window openings have flush concrete render heads and sills, although a projecting concrete sill spans the row of three windows high on the Kedron Park Road elevation. A large galvanised sheet steel roller shutter is fitted to the opening below these windows.</p><br>
<p>The lower part of the main building is spare in detail. Entry is by a concrete and steel stair supported on brick piers. The exterior reveals a series of changes to the building, with openings variously enlarged, added and filled in. The rear wall is clad in colour-finished corrugated iron. There is a single storey garage of stretcher bond brick at the southwest corner and a shipping container has been positioned immediately to the south of the main building.</p><br>
<p>The interior has a steel and timber mezzanine floor and the ceiling is lined with fibrous cement sheeting and timber cover strips. The travelling crane survives complete with ropes and pulleys. It runs north to south on steel rails supported on corbelled brickwork and intermittently by a series of engaged piers. The face brickwork is variously painted and unpainted and a number of remnant openings and brackets provide evidence of the building&#39;s previous function.</p><br>
<p>Adjoining the main space is a kitchen area, leading to a toilet and storage area. The external areas of the site are paved in bitumen and flow into the car park of the adjoining hotel.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Brisbane City Council Tramways Substation No. 8 (former) was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 August 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former tramway substation is important in demonstrating an important aspect of Queenslands industrial development and is closely linked to Brisbanes suburban expansion in the 1920s and 30s and with the development of the electricity supply system.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The former substation is now uncommon evidence for an important mode of transport, which was discontinued in Brisbane in 1969 and for which much of the infrastructure has since been removed.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>In design, scale and materials, the former substation is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of the Brisbane tramways substations.</p><br>
<p>As a well-conceived utility structure, it is important as a fine example of the municipal work of tramways architect Roy Rusden Ogg.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The former substation contributes to the streetscape, its quality of design and materials enabling the prominently placed building to successfully combine function and a pleasing appearance.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>As a well-conceived utility structure, it is important as a fine example of the municipal work of tramways architect Roy Rusden Ogg.</p><br>
<p>Woolloongabba Air Raid Shelter is a heritage-listed former air raid shelter at 34 Sword Street, Woolloongabba, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Frank Gibson Costello and built by Brisbane City Council. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 April 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Brisbane City Council built the concrete shelter at Buranda Playground, Woolloongabba as an air raid shelter in 1942.</p><br>
<p>On 7 December 1941, the United States of America entered World War Two following the bombing of the American fleet at Pearl Harbour in Hawaii by Japanese carrier-borne aircraft. England and its Commonwealth had been at war with Germany since September 1939, but now the war was truly global. The Japanese first bombed Darwin on 19 February 1942 and 14,000 Australians were taken prisoner following the fall of Singapore. Plans to defend Australia from an anticipated Japanese invasion and to use Queensland as a support base for the conduct of the Pacific war were implemented quickly. Australian and American personnel poured into Queensland and urgently required a wide range of new buildings and facilities.</p><br>
<p>The population of Brisbane swelled dramatically. As it was the major city in Queensland, and the most northerly major population centre in Australia, military planning headquarters were set up in Brisbane, as were a number of important maintenance, communication, and supply facilities. General Douglas MacArthur, Commander in Chief of the Allied Forces, Southwest Pacific, was based in the AMP building at the corner of Queen Street and Edward Street in Brisbane, and General Sir Thomas Blamey, Commander in Chief of the Australian Forces, used the recently constructed University of Queensland buildings at St Lucia. Brisbane was obviously a strategic target for bombing, and rapid action had to be taken to protect the population in the event of air raids.</p><br>
<p>The demand on materials, services and labour was enormous and military projects took precedence in their allocation. Heavy Anti-Aircraft batteries were built at Victoria Park, Hendra, Pinkenba, Fort Lytton, Hemmant and Balmoral, and coastal artillery batteries were established on Bribie and Moreton Islands. Before the war, Queensland had a small population and no heavy manufacturing industries. To help overcome these problems, some buildings were prefabricated and standard designs for many structures were used. Designs took into account the scarcity of skilled labour and of some materials.</p><br>
<p>The Brisbane City Council took responsibility for Air Raid Precautions activities, including establishing an Air Raid Warden system, firefighting systems and constructing air raid shelters. Aboveground salt water pipes were laid along city streets to aid in firefighting. On Christmas Eve, 1941, each Australian State&#39;s Emergency Committee issued instructions for government, private employers and private households to immediately start building shelters. Slit trenches were built in parks and schoolyards, windows were taped, and brownouts were applied to buildings.</p><br>
<p>In the Protection of Persons and Property Order No.1, gazetted 23 December 1941, Premier William Forgan Smith, with powers conferred by Regulation 35a, National Security (General) Regulations, ordered the Brisbane City Council to construct 200 public surface shelters in the city area. Work had already started on 15 December, and later another 75 shelters were ordered. However, only 235 air raid shelters were constructed, the building programme being 90% complete by June 1942. In addition, around three kilometres of covered trenches were constructed in public parks, in 13 projects, including 315 metres of concrete-pipe covered trench in the Botanic Gardens, and 150m of the same in Victoria Park. It was believed that one person could be accommodated by each foot of trench. In addition to the public shelters, the Brisbane City Council also constructed shelters for leased wharves and council properties, including at the Stanley Wharf, Circular Quay Wharves 2,3 and 4, Norman Wharf, and Musgrave Wharf. Shelters were built under the Story Bridge, for Kangaroo Point shipbuilding workers, and five shelters were constructed on behalf of the Bureau of Industry at the Howard Smith Wharves.</p><br>
<p>The Protection of Persons and Property Order No.1 was applied statewide, and outside Brisbane another 24 Local Authorities in Queenslands coastal areas were ordered to produce surface or trench shelters for the public, to be built according to the Air Raid Shelter Code laid down in the Second Schedule of Order No.1. Initially, 20 of the Local Authorities were expected to construct a minimum total of 133 surface shelters, which were supposed to be able to withstand the blast of a 500-pound bomb bursting 50 feet away. Four other Local Authorities would only build trenches. However, after plans were amended, 23 Local Authorities outside Brisbane, excluding Thursday Island, ended up possessing a total of 129 public shelters: 123 surface and six underground. This effort had cost £56,596. Where Local Authorities were unwilling or unable to build the required number of code-compliant shelters, in some cases because they had already begun erecting other shelters, the Department of Public Works became responsible for the shelters construction. However, this led to problems when the Department tried to recoup half of the cost from the Local Authorities in question. Townsville, Toowoomba, Gladstone, and Ayr denied any liability for costs, and a Bill had to be passed in December 1942 to force their compliance. The Ayr Shire Council had claimed that the shelters would be death traps during an air raid.</p><br>
<p>Of the 235 surface shelters built in Brisbane for the public, 21 survive and are still owned by the Brisbane City Council. One of the shelters, on Queens Wharf Road, is a site-specific "special" variation of the standard pillbox design. It is listed in the Queensland Heritage Register as part of the entry for the porphyry retaining wall on William Street. The other 20 public shelters owned by the Brisbane City Council can be divided into three types of pillbox intended for conversion after the war: "park", "bus", and "bus (stone)". They were designed to serve as structures such as bus waiting shelters or shade structures for parks, with some or all of the perimeter blast walls to be removed, leaving the concrete slab roof, floor slab and piers. The reusable pillboxes were designed to hold 70 people, as were the non-reusable standard pillboxes.</p><br>
<p>F.G. Costello, Brisbane City Council City Architect between 1941 and 1952, was responsible for the design of the surface air raid shelters, and his variants of the standard pillbox were designed to provide a post-war utility for at least part of the Council&#39;s shelter building programme. In an address delivered to the Constitutional Club in Brisbane on February 1942, Costello noted that "if the emergency for their use does not arise...(unused shelters)... remain in brick and concrete, in many cases having no further value and being a possible source of nuisance". He added that "I can assure you that wherever it is possible, without sacrificing the primary requirements of shelter from air attack, I have endeavoured in our Council buildings to so plan the shelters that they will fit into schemes of improvement which we hope will proceed immediately after the war".</p><br>
<p>Costello&#39;s work was characterised by the use of an architectural language inspired by the modern movement in architecture. This movement pursued the rational use of modern materials and principles of functionalist planning and established a visual aesthetic largely inspired by the machine. It was part of an architecture employing the language of vertical and horizontal volumes and planes, floating flat roofs, masses set against voids and monumentality. Though modest in scale and form, the design of the shelters is characteristic of work in this idiom. The reusable shelters were often sited under fig trees, to aid in camouflage.</p><br>
<p>The first of Costellos reusable designs is the pillbox with double-cantilevered roof slab, or "park" type shelter. In an original list of all the shelters constructed by the Brisbane City Council, these were simply labelled as "cantilever". They had four central piers supporting the roof slab, which allowed for the removal of the four blast walls after the war. There was an entrance at each end of the front wall, where an internal wall extended into the shelter. If the walls were made of brick, the shelters dimension was 409" by 133" by 86" high, and if concrete was used the dimensions were 40 by 126" by 86" high. The difference was due to the fact that the brick walls finished in line with the top of the roof slab, covering the fascia, whereas the concrete walls finished at the soffit of the roof slab, flush with the fascia. The minimum wall thickness for brick was set at 13.5", and 12" for concrete. The roof slab was intended to have at least four inches of concrete.</p><br>
<p>Of the 37 reusable shelters listed as being of the park type only 17 survive: one at Hefferan Park in Annerley; two at Albert Park; two at Wickham Park; one in Buranda Playground in Woolloongabba; two in Raymond Park in Kangaroo Point; and one each at Kelvin Grove, Morningside, Nundah, Stones Corner, and Windsor. Four other shelters stand on East Street and Wickham Street in Fortitude Valley. Most are used as simple park shelters, as intended, but the shelter at Nundah has been modified as a toilet block, and the shelter at Kelvin Grove is used as a bus shelter (as distinct from those shelters in the next category, which were specifically designed as "bus" type shelters). About half of the surviving park shelters had concrete blast walls, while half used brick.</p><br>
<p>The second design was the pillbox with single-cantilevered roof slab, or ""bus" type shelter, as it was called in the original Brisbane City Council list. These were designed so that the three brick blast walls could be removed after the war, leaving a concrete back wall and five brick piers at the front. Again, entrances were at each end of the front wall. Of the 19 "bus" types listed only two survive, at Newmarket and Newstead.</p><br>
<p>The third design was also a "bus" type shelter, but it was built with a stone rear wall, instead of concrete, and six stone piers were later added, instead of five brick piers. The three brick blast walls could be removed as normal. Two of these "colonnade" types were built-referred to in the Brisbane City Council list as "bus (stone)" and only one survives, at King Edward Park.</p><br>
<p>Most of the Brisbane structures built for the war were removed at the end of World War Two. The saltwater mains, slit trenches, and sirens disappeared, as did the many standard pillboxes that had stood in the middle of the streets of the Central Business District. 156 standard pillboxes were built, but none of the surviving public shelters in Brisbane City Council ownership are of that design. Of the 21 special shelters, only the one on Queens Wharf Road survives. However, of Costellos 58 reusable public surface shelters, 20 have survived; the removal of their blast walls, as planned, had given them a renewed purpose. The workers shelters at the Story Bridge Hotel and Howard Smith Wharves also still exist.</p><br>
<p>The blast walls of the air raid shelter at the Buranda playground were removed according to plan after World War Two, although evidence of the location of the walls is still visible. The shelter roof and piers have been painted and a picnic table and seats have been added.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Woolloongabba air raid shelter is a rectangular concrete structure comprising a heavy floor slab and a flat roof supported by concrete piers. The roof and the piers of the shelter are painted green. The shelter is surrounded by shrubs and shade trees and is adjacent to play equipment. The middle bay accommodates a wooden picnic table and seats that are bolted to the floor slab. The shelter appears to have once had one entrance in each long blast wall, in opposite corners.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Woolloongabba Air Raid Shelter was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 April 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Woolloongabba air raid shelter is important as a part of the Air Raid Precaution activities that were implemented for the defence of Brisbane during World War Two. Designed to afford protection to the civilian population of Brisbane in the event of air raid attacks or other emergencies, the air raid shelter located in Buranda Playground is important in demonstrating the impact of World War Two on the civilian population of Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Although many air raid shelters were constructed during World War Two in Queensland, comparatively few survive. Also, there are not many types of structures built by the Brisbane City Council during World War Two, for wartime purposes, which survive.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The shelter&#39;s solid construction, rectangular shape, and its siting near a population concentration, demonstrate the principal characteristics of a World War Two Brisbane public air raid shelter.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The Woolloongabba air raid shelter, now used as a shade structure, demonstrates the secondary uses that were part of the original design intention. The shelter is a durable example of innovative design and use of concrete technology during World War Two.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The air raid shelter is important as an example of the wartime work of the City Architect&#39;s Office and particularly the work of City Architect F.G. Costello.</p><br>
<p>The former Dispensers House of Diamantina Hospital is now the heritage-listed Diamantina Health Care Museum at Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Thomas Pye of the Queensland Government Architects Office and built in 1908 by W Chaplain. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 July 2007.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Dispenser&#39;s House was built in 1908 as part of the facilities of the Diamantina Hospital for Chronic Diseases and is now a health care museum.</p><br>
<p>The Diamantina Hospital was established in 1901 by adapting the facilities of the Diamantina Orphanage, named for the wife of the first Governor of Queensland, Lady Diamantina Bowen. This had been founded in 1864 under the committee of the Brisbane Hospital in two cottages, near the Victoria Barracks, that had been used as a fever hospital.</p><br>
<p>Within two years, the orphanage was caring for about 100 children and received a government subsidy. In 1882, a 20-acre block of land on Ipswich Road at Woolloongabba was purchased to allow the construction of a larger facility. In 1883 the Diamantina Orphanage opened at this new location and by 1886 was caring for more than 350 children. This number was reduced by boarding out some children and removing those with a parent able to make some contribution to their support.</p><br>
<p>In 1893, severe flooding damaged the Woogaroo Lunatic Asylum, so about 40 of the quieter patients from the asylum were moved to the orphanage, and the children were dispersed. From 1898 to 1900, the facility was used as a reformatory for boys.</p><br>
<p>At that time, Queensland had no hospital to treat chronically ill patients. Tuberculosis was a major cause of death into the 20th century and "consumptive" patients were also drawn to Queensland because of the belief that warm weather helped to cure the disease. Treatment for tuberculosis at that time consisted mainly of isolation, bed rest, good diet and exposure to fresh air and sunshine. Medical professionals lobbied for a facility to treat chronic cases. A sanatorium was opened in Dalby in 1900 and the Diamantina Orphanage, with its pleasant situation on a wooded slope, was adapted as a hospital. Its dormitories were enlarged as wards, and on 5 August 1901 it opened as the Diamantina Hospital for Chronic Diseases. It was a Public Charitable Institution under the Charitable Institution Act. and was under the care of the Department of Health. It accepted patients from the general hospital and from the Dunwich Benevolent Asylum, many of whom were suffering from tuberculosis. The Diamantina Hospital opened with 32 beds and a general staff of 19 administered by a Matron, Miss Florence Chatfield, a Superintendent, Dr Francis Washington Everad Hare, and a Head Wardsman and Dispenser, Mr Frederick Staubwasser.</p><br>
<p>By 1903 the hospital had 72 beds and two open-air wards. The superintendent resigned and Miss Chatfield added his duties to her own. In 1907 Mr Staubwasser, planning marriage, requested a raise in salary and a cottage within the hospital grounds. His request was strongly supported by Miss Chatfield, in a letter to the Home Secretary, stressing his value to the institution. The request was approved but the cottage was not built immediately.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Pye, Deputy Government Architect, prepared sketch plans for a dwelling of 700 square feet plus a large front verandah, to be constructed near the hospital Dispensary. Tenders were called on 9 July 1908 and that of W Chaplain for £330 was accepted. By the beginning of 1909 the house was occupied.</p><br>
<p>Mr Staubwasser served as Dispenser until 1912 when he became Assistant Superintendent. In that year another verandah was added to the cottage and a laundry in 1914. In 1923 the house was extended by adding another verandah to the south and a third bedroom to the front. The main entrance was then relocated to the northern verandah. In 1935 Mr Staubwasser was promoted to Superintendent but continued to occupy the house until his death in 1938. From then until the end of the Second World War, the house was occupied by a series of Medical Officers from the Brisbane General Hospital who were responsible for the Diamantina Hospital patients.</p><br>
<p>In 1943 the Diamantina Hospital became the South Brisbane Auxiliary Hospital and was under the control of the Brisbane General Hospital. Following World War II, an intensive programme was carried out by the Queensland government to eradicate tuberculosis by screening and treatment. This reduced the need for chronic care facilities.</p><br>
<p>In 1956 a new 800-bed acute hospital was built in the grounds of the South Brisbane Hospital. In 1960 it was renamed the Princess Alexandra Hospital (after Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy) and had its own hospital board. The cottage, after accommodating a series of staff members, was modified for use as a Home Haemodialysis Training Centre in 1974. In 1998 it was used by the History and Archives Committee and in 1999 by the Redevelopment Group.</p><br>
<p>In 2003 the former Dispenser&#39;s House was renovated and opened in 2004 as the Diamantina Health Care Museum.</p><br>
<p>A wall has been removed between bedrooms and an office created on the northern verandah by the construction of a partition. The building remains substantially intact and retains its domestic appearance.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Dispenser&#39;s House is situated close to the Cornwall Street gate to the Princess Alexandra Hospital. It is a timber building with a hipped roof clad with corrugated iron sheeting and is set on new concrete stumps.</p><br>
<p>There is a gabled bay with four windows to the eastern elevation and verandahs to the north and south. The southern verandah is built in with timber-framed windows and the northern by glass louvres. The walls are timber-lined and there are timber floors and ceilings. The rooms opening onto the southern verandah and some of the internal rooms have French doors with transom lights above. Modern toilets have been added.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Dispenser&#39;s House of the Diamantina Hospital was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 July 2007 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Dispenser&#39;s House is important for demonstrating the former use of the site as the Diamantina Hospital for Chronic Diseases, which opened in 1901 on the site of the current Princess Alexandra Hospital. This was the first such hospital in Queensland and was important in the development of health care in the State. The former residence, constructed in 1908, also demonstrates the common practice of the time of providing on site living quarters for key personnel.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The former Dispenser&#39;s House is now rare as the last remaining structure from the Diamantina Hospital for Chronic Diseases.</p><br>
<p>Taylor-Heaslop Building is a heritage-listed commercial building at 10-14 Logan Road, Woolloongabba, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by John Beauchamp Nicholson and built from 1889 to 1890. It is also known as Ernest Reid , John Evans Cash Draper, George Logan Draper, Johns & Co Draper, Peoples Cash Store , JR Blane , and Moreton Rubber Works. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 February 2006.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A substantial brick commercial premises of three storeys and basement, the former Taylor Heaslop Building was erected in 1889-90 as a set of three attached shops. The northwest and middle shops were built for Brisbane chemist Walter Taylor, as an investment. The southeast shop, which is larger than the other two, was built for South Brisbane grocers James and Thomas Heaslop and was a branch of their highly successful Peoples Cash Store. The three shops were designed by Brisbane architect John Beauchamp Nicholson and were erected as one building, with the street facades of Heaslops shop distinguished from those of Taylor&#39;s two shops.</p><br>
<p>The land on which the building is located was originally part of a suburban block of just over 16 acres, located at the intersection of the roads to the Logan and to Ipswich (later known as the Woolloongabba Fiveways). This parcel (suburban portion 165, parish of South Brisbane) was alienated by James Gibbon in 1857, and was subdivided into commercial and residential allotments by the late 1870s.</p><br>
<p>In the 1880s Woolloongabba boomed as both a working class residential district and as a commercial centre, due principally to construction of the rail link from the Ipswich line at Corinda (South Brisbane Junction) to South Brisbane, which opened in June 1884. The main purpose of this line was to bring coal from West Moreton to the ships at South Brisbane, terminating, via a tunnel at Lower River Terrace, in Stanley Street, near the South Brisbane Dry Dock. However, the main goods yard and passenger terminus was at the western end of the former water reserve at One Mile Swamp, near Main Street between Stanley Street East and Vulture Street (now the site of the Woolloongabba busway station). The railway looped across Logan Road through suburban portion 165 to reach the goods yards and passenger station.</p><br>
<p>In addition, from 1887 a horse-drawn tram service linked South Brisbane to Mount Gravatt via Logan Road and the Woolloongabba Fiveways, and from 1 November 1889 the newly opened Cleveland Railway terminated at Woolloongabba. From here passengers continuing on to North and South Brisbane transferred to horse trams. These improvements to passenger and goods transportation stimulated commercial development at the Woolloongabba Fiveways. In January 1886, title to a small, triangular parcel of land between Logan Road and Stanley Street East, at the Fiveways Corner (subs 1 & 2 of section 1 of suburban portion 165, containing 30 perches) was transferred to South Brisbane chemist and dentist Thomas Watson Thomason. Within a few months, Thomason had subdivided this land into eight smaller commercial re-subdivisions, each with a frontage to both Logan Road and Stanley Street East. At the Fiveways Corner, Thomason established The Five Ways Pharmacy in a two-storeyed timber building. The other seven re-subdivisions were sold by the end of 1886.</p><br>
<p>In August 1886, Henry Willoughby acquired title to re-subdivision 8 (9.3 perches), and in December 1886 Catherine Taylor, wife of Walter Taylor of Brisbane (likely the Queen-street wholesale chemist, dentist and property investor), acquired title to re-subdivisions 6 & 7 (8.7 perches). In December 1887, title to Willoughby&#39;s allotment was transferred to South Brisbane grocer Thomas Heaslop, and in May–June 1889 Brisbane architect John Beauchamp Nicholson called tenders for the construction of substantial brick buildings at the Woolloongabba Fiveways, for Walter Taylor and J & T Heaslop. This appears to refer to the large, three-storeyed brick building at 10-14 Logan Road, Woolloongabba which, when completed, dominated the Fiveways Junction.</p><br>
<p>Early photographs reveal that at street level on both street facades, the three shops shared a common convex iron awning supported on posts with decorative cast iron bracketing. The middle and northwest shops had cantilevered verandahs on the upper floors, onto which French doors opened. The verandahs had elaborately decorative cast iron balustrading, valances and brackets. By 1955 these verandahs were removed. Designed without verandahs, the facade of the southeast shop was distinguished by arched windows and greater use of render ornament.</p><br>
<p>Nicholson developed a successful architectural practice in Brisbane in the 1880s. His notable commissions include: the Princess Theatre (1888–89) at nearby Clarence Corner; the Norman Hotel (1889) on Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba and the Shaftson Hotel (1889–90) at East Brisbane (both hotels possibly erected for members of the Heaslop family); and, in partnership with architect ARL Wright: the Normanby Hotel (1889–90) at Red Hill; Parbury, Lamb & Co.s Warehouse in Eagle Street (1890) (demolished); Lady Musgrave Lodge, Astor Terrace, Spring Hill (1891–92) (demolished); and Chardons Hotel, Ipswich Road, Annerley (1891–92) (demolished). Nicholson had designed J & T Heaslop&#39;s shop and store in Stanley Street, South Brisbane, erected 1885-87, and later their shop in Brunswick Street, Fortitude Valley, erected in 1891. Despite his varied architectural commissions and development interests, Nicholson was declared insolvent in 1891 as a result of the prevailing economic depression.</p><br>
<p>The Taylor-Heaslop building at the Woolloongabba Fiveways was under construction by August–September 1889, when Catherine Taylor and Thomas Heaslop registered easements and encumbrances over a party wall now erected on their Woolloongabba property. At this time, part of Heaslop&#39;s allotment was effectively made the property of Catherine Taylor, to accommodate the whole of the middle shop. The building was likely completed in 1890.</p><br>
<p>The timing was unfortunate. In 1890 the economic boom of the 1880s burst and Queensland, along with the rest of the world, entered a period of widespread economic depression. In addition, the extension of the railway to Melbourne Street, which opened on 1 December 1891, by-passed Woolloongabba station, diverting passenger traffic on the South Coast, Cleveland and South Brisbane Junction lines to South Brisbane. The Woolloongabba passenger station closed, but the railyard remained the south side&#39;s principal goods yard and locomotive depot until the line was closed in 1969.</p><br>
<p>J & T Heaslops Peoples Cash Store had opened in the southeast shop (14 Logan Road) by 1891, but the Taylor&#39;s two shops, at 10-12 Logan Road, may have been unoccupied until at least one was tenanted by SH Rawlings, boot importer, from. In October 1893, Catherine Taylor transferred her interest in the two northern shops to James Heaslop, who maintained these as rental propositions. By the late 1890s, Albert M Goodall appears to have taken over Rawlings boot importing business in the building.</p><br>
<p>Brisbane in the 1890s supported four principal shopping centres: North Brisbane (along Queen, George, and Adelaide Streets); Fortitude Valley (along Brunswick, Ann Street and Wickham Streets); Stanley Street, South Brisbane; and the Woolloongabba Fiveways. Branches of J & T Heaslops Peoples Cash Store were opened in each of these centres, and their building at 10-14 Logan Road, Woolloongabba, dominated the Fiveways commercial district.</p><br>
<p>Irish brothers James and Thomas Heaslop had arrived in Queensland in 1863 with their parents, Samuel and Mary Heaslop, and brothers Samuel, Robert, John, George and William. In 1865, James and Thomas established a small retail grocery business at One-Mile Swamp (near Clarence Corner, South Brisbane) and by 1900 had created a chain of "direct importing" stores known as the People&#39;s Cash Store. The principal wholesale and retail stores were at Stanley Street, Clarence Corner, and branch stores had been established at the Woolloongabba Fiveways; Melbourne Street, South Brisbane (at the southern end of Victoria Bridge); Brunswick Street, Fortitude Valley; Rockhampton; and Charters Towers.</p><br>
<p>The Heaslops were well known and respected in Brisbane business circles, and were staunch supporters of the Catholic Church. Thomas Heaslop served on the South Brisbane Municipal Council 1888-1895, from the inception of the Borough of South Brisbane, and was Mayor of South Brisbane for three terms, 1891-1893. He was involved with the commissioning of the South Brisbane Municipal Chambers, paid the workmen on the site nearly £500 out of his own pocket when the contractor, Abraham James, absconded in 1891, and officiated at its formal opening on 1 July 1892. His term as mayor also encompassed the great floods of 1893, which decimated large sections of South Brisbane, West End and Woolloongabba.</p><br>
<p>In 1901 James and Thomas dissolved their partnership. At this time, title to 14 Logan Road (the southeast shop) was transferred from Thomas Heaslop to James Heaslop, giving the latter ownership of the 3 shops at 10-14 Logan Road. James leased 14 Logan Road to Thomas Heaslop (Thomas Heaslop & Co. Limited by 1911). Thomas died in 1911, but his Company continued to operate a branch of the Peoples Cash Store from James Heaslops Woollongabba Fiveways building until the early 1920s.</p><br>
<p>From 1 May 1902, Fiveways draper John Edwin Sheppard Evans took up the lease of the middle shop (12 Logan Road) from James Heaslop, and from the 1 February 1903 he also took up the lease of the northwest shop (10 Logan Road). Evans was no stranger to the locality. In February 1888 he had established a drapery business next door at 8 Logan Road, in premises owned by AR McLeod. By 1900 he was occupying 6-8 Logan Road, and in 1902-03 expanded into Heaslops building. Together, John Evans Cash Draper and Heaslops People&#39;s Cash Store dominated the shopping centre at the Woolloongabba Fiveways in the early 1900s.</p><br>
<p>Evans died in 1907, and for some years the business was conducted by his widow, Margaret Anne Higgins Evans, until she sold to George Logan in 1910. As George Logan, Draper, the business was sustained into the early 1920s.</p><br>
<p>James Heaslop died in 1922, following which his estate passed to his widow, Clara Ellen Heaslop, who from February 1923 leased 14 Logan Road to grocer and hardware merchant John Robertson Blane. Also in 1923, George Logan apparently sold his drapery business to William Johns, who took a lease of 10-12 Logan Road from Mrs Heaslop in March 1923.</p><br>
<p>In the 1920s, Woolloongabba flourished as a shopping centre, servicing the rapidly expanding eastern and southern suburbs of Balmoral, Hawthorne, East Brisbane, Coorparoo, Stones Corner, Greenslopes, Holland Park and Annerley, all of which had electric tram access to North and South Brisbane via the Woolloongabba Fiveways. Many of the earlier shops around the Fiveways were re-developed at this period, including the block opposite Mrs Heaslops building in Logan Road, but her building continued to dominate, in scale and landmark value, the Fiveways Junction. It appears that the street level shop facades of Mrs Heaslop&#39;s building were remodelled at this period.</p><br>
<p>In terms of height and street presence, the only building to rival Mrs Heaslops building at the Woollongabba Fiveways was the Broadway Theatre, a three-storey high brick picture theatre fronting Ipswich Road, just past the intersection with Logan Road, erected in 1923 but destroyed by fire in June 1962. JR Blane, grocer & hardware merchant, occupied 14 Logan Road until, and Johns & Co., Drapers, occupied 10-12 Logan Road until. Ernest Reid acquired Johns drapery business about this time, and also expanded into 14 Logan Road (the southeast shop, formerly Blanes), occupying all three of Mrs Heaslops shops until. In the midst of the depression of the early 1930s, Mrs Heaslop found it difficult to attract tenants for the Woolloongabba premises following Reid&#39;s departure. The shops remained vacant until, when the Moreton Rubber Works, motor tyre retailers who had premises further south along Logan Road, occupied 14 Logan Road as their offices. In the late 1930s, 10-12 Logan Road was occupied by estate agents Five Ways Real Estate & Auctioneers. Mrs Heaslop died in 1944, and the building passed out of her estate in 1950, when 14 Logan Road was acquired by Frederick Pratt and 10-12 Logan Road was transferred to Mrs Ruby Richards, then to Andrew Lowreys in 1951. In 1953, Pratt also acquired title to 10-12 Logan Road, and the property remained in his estate until 1989.</p><br>
<p>From the 1950s, the expansion of outer suburban shopping centres had a negative impact on older, inner city shopping districts such as the Woolloongabba Fiveways. The closure of the Woolloongabba Railyards and the cessation of Brisbanes tram services in 1969, and the construction of the Southeast Freeway through Woolloongabba in the early 1970s - which effectively cut the suburbs commercial heart in half - further contributed to the decline of Woolloongabba as a shopping centre. The northern end of Logan Road, where the Former Taylor-Heaslop Building is located, is no longer directly accessible from the Fiveways Junction. However, in the last two decades of the 20th century, this section of Logan Road, which is now virtually a cul-de-sac, was rejuvenated as an antiques, secondhand goods, and gallery precinct. The ground floor of the shop at 10-12 Logan Road, for example, was occupied by a furniture restoration business.</p><br>
<p>In December 2014, the ground floors of Nos. 10 & 12 were occupied by the Enoteca Wine Store and Restaurant, while No. 14 is occupied by the Bird Cage Pan Asian Restaurant.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Taylor-Heaslop Building is an imposing three-storey masonry building located in the commercial precinct known as the Woolloongabba Fiveways. Centred around the intersection of Stanley Street East, Main Street and the northern end of Logan Road, the Fiveways is now divided by heavily trafficked roads and freeways. The Taylor-Heaslop Building is set in the most intact part of the Fiveways precinct at the northern end of Logan Road. Now blocked off from Stanley and Main Streets, this part of Logan Road retains many 19th and early 20th century buildings.</p><br>
<p>Situated in the middle of a truncated block formed by the convergence of Logan Road and Stanley Street East, the former Taylor-Heaslop Building is built to the property alignments and fully occupies several parcels of land. It is the tallest building in the predominantly two-storey streetscape and consists of a basement, shops at street level and two upper storeys, now mostly used as offices. The former Taylor-Heaslop Building has two street facades, the southwest facade facing Logan Road and the northern facade facing Stanley Street East. Hidden from view behind parapets is a corrugated metal roof that has three ridges running the length of each shop. Metal ventilators and brick chimneys are visible above the parapet. Original light wells have been covered up with either transparent or metal roof sheeting.</p><br>
<p>A row or terrace type structure originally built as three shops, the Taylor-Heaslop building consists of three long narrow adjoining buildings on separate titles; 10, 12 and 14 Logan Road. 14 Logan Road is bigger than the other two shops, having a wider frontage and a greater depth of plan due to the truncated shape of the site. The facades of 14 Logan Road are distinguished from the facades of 10-12 Logan Road by the use of a different fenestration pattern and a more ornate style.</p><br>
<p>The masonry street facades are finished with render and paint and decorated with a variety of ornament in a predominantly classical style. At the street level glazed shopfronts are covered by footpath awnings. Pilasters with fluting on the first level and twisted rope detail or scrollwork on the second level mark the corners of the building and the junctions between 10-12 and 14 Logan Road.</p><br>
<p>The curved corrugated iron awnings over the footpath and the parapet with frieze and cornice supported on modillions are continuous elements across the street facades. Mounted on top of the parapet are masonry balls on the Logan Road facade and a fan type ornament on the Stanley Street facade. These parapet ornaments mark the position of the party walls that separate the three tenancies. Two of the original cast iron columns supporting the footpath awning remain on Logan Road. The remainder of the posts have been replaced with timber. The Stanley Street East awning has been recently rebuilt in timber.</p><br>
<p>The facades of 10-12 Logan Road are restrained with openings defined by simple architraves. The original cantilevered verandahs on the two upper levels have been removed and some of the French doors replaced with casement windows. Six pairs of the original doors remain on the Stanley Street facade but all have been replaced on the Logan Road facade. The original transom lights and cast iron vents remain.</p><br>
<p>The facade of 14 Logan Road, designed without a verandah, is in a more ornate eclectic style with swirling plant motifs in panels breaking up the expanse of wall. Windows are double hung sashes separated by square columns with bulging capitals. The windows on the first floor have stylized ogee-arched tops.</p><br>
<p>The sidewalls are predominantly painted brick and abut the walls of the neighbouring buildings, a two-storey former bank built in the mid twentieth century to the northwest and a modest single storey commercial building and timber sheds on the southeast. The northwest sidewall is notable for a painted Moreton Rubber sign, a local landmark.</p><br>
<p>Most of the shopfronts have been rebuilt over time. On Logan Road the street level shop fronts retain their s remodeling, with leadlights above plate glass display windows and recessed doorways. On Stanley Street the two shops on the perimeter of the building have glazed shop windows while the middle shop retains the original wall, entry door and window.</p><br>
<p>Similar materials and finishes can be found throughout the Taylor-Heaslop Building. Party walls are mostly rendered brickwork, original internal walls and ceilings are lathe and plaster, and floors are concrete or timber on the upper levels. However interiors in each of the three buildings vary considerably. 10 and 12 Logan Road are similar in design but 12 Logan Road is in an advanced state of disrepair while 10 Logan Road has been renovated. The larger spaces of 14 Logan Road have been renovated and new office partitions inserted.</p><br>
<p>The basic layout of each building is similar. The main shopfronts face Logan Road while entries to the upper floor offices and other shop windows face Stanley Street. Hallways or vestibules from Stanley Street lead to a timber staircase, located along the northwest party wall half way between the two street frontages. A light well is located adjacent to the stair in 10 and 12 Logan Road. The stairs to the upper levels of 10 and 12 Logan Road retain or have had reinstated the original turned timber balustrade. The flight of stairs between the ground floor and the first floor of 12 Logan Road has been removed. The stair in 14 Logan Road has been largely rebuilt. Doors located in the masonry party walls connect the adjoining buildings.</p><br>
<p>The only basement inspected was 10 Logan Road, a large space with a concrete floor, painted brick walls and the remnants of two brick fireplaces. A smaller space opens off the main space and some toilets, accessed from this smaller space, are built under the footpath. The basement has no ceilings and the timber framing of the floor above is clearly visible.</p><br>
<p>At the ground floor level, a portion of the party wall between 10 and 12 Logan Road has been removed, to form a single shop on the Logan Road frontage. The glazed entry vestibule and display window which fronts Stanley Street is built at a lower level to the main floor and has very tall ceilings. External masonry walls and timber windows open into this space suggesting it may once have been more open. The upper levels consist of two floors of office space, divided into smaller rooms arranged around the central stair and light well. These levels have been renovated retaining original rooms, timber flooring and internal door and window joinery. The first floor has marble fireplaces.</p><br>
<p>The upper levels of 12 Logan Road retain original lathe and plaster walls, ceiling roses, timber stairs and fireplaces with timber mantelpieces. Much of the internal fabric in this part of the building is decayed and plasterwork has fallen off walls and ceilings. The first floor is a single open space with metal storage racks suspended from the framing of the floor above. The second floor is similar in layout to the office levels of 10 Logan Road.</p><br>
<p>Shops occupy the ground floor of 14 Logan Road. The first floor is divided into tenancies by recently constructed timber and glass partitions. Exposed steel beams supported on concrete blocks set into the walls hold up the floor above. Casement windows have been added to the eastern sidewall. The second floor is a single open space with new glass and timber partitions built around the stair. The ceiling is lined with timber boards at the southern end and flat sheeting at the northern end. A large skylight sheeted in green fibreglass illuminates the northwest end of the space.</p><br>
<p>Because of its height and double street frontage the building is visible from the surrounding area and contributes to its historic character. Although the scale and urban fabric of the Wooloongabba Fiveways has altered dramatically over time, it retains a significant group of historic buildings many of which can be seen from and form the setting for the Taylor -Heaslop Building.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Taylor-Heaslop Building (former) was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 February 2006 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Former Taylor-Heaslop Building, erected in 1889-90, is important as surviving evidence of the Woolloongabba Fiveways, one of Brisbanes principal shopping centres in the latter part of the 19th century, and for demonstrating the impact of the economic boom of the 1880s on metropolitan Brisbane. Heaslops Peoples Cash Store at 14 Logan Road, and a sequence of drapery establishments (principally John Evans, George Logan, Johns & Co. and Ernest Reid) at 10-12 Logan Road, were amongst Woolloongabbas leading retailers prior to the 1930s depression.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>While a number of similar buildings of this era were erected at South Brisbane, Fortitude Valley and in the Brisbane central business district, comparatively few have survived as intact as this building.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in illustrating the principal characteristics of a boom-era commercial premises. A four-storey masonry building with decorative street facades, glazed shop fronts at ground level and footpath awnings, it is a row or terrace type structure that was originally divided into three shops. The building is unusual in that each shop has two street frontages, and the southeast shop, although constructed at the same time as the rest of the building has more ornamental facades. A fine example of the commercial work of Brisbane architect John Beauchamp Nicholson, the place is important in contributing to our understanding of his work.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The former Taylor-Heaslop Building, a landmark in Woolloongabba since 1889, has aesthetic value due to its prominent location, imposing size and idiosyncratic design. It is an integral part of the townscape of a distinctive locality and remains a key element in establishing the character of the Fiveways Junction, especially the northern end of Logan Road.</p><br>
<p>Hoskins House Historic District, also known as Tannenbaum Park, is a historic log cabin and national historic district located at Greensboro, Guilford County, North Carolina. The Hoskins House is a late-18th or early-19th century chestnut log dwelling house measuring 24 feet by 18 feet. It has an interior enclosed stair an exterior stone chimney. The house was restored in 1986-1987. Also on the property is the contributing Coble Barn . It is a large double-pen log barn of hewn V-notched logs under a long wood-shingled gable roof. The barn was moved and restored at its current location in 1987. The Hoskins House site was the focal point of the British attack during the Battle of Guilford Court House on March 15, 1781. The Hoskins property survives today as an important satellite to the Guilford Courthouse National Military Park.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>Kellenberger Estate, also known as Miramichi, is a historic estate and national historic district located in Greensboro, Guilford County, North Carolina. The district encompasses five contributing buildings, two contributing sites, and six contributing structures built between about 1921 and 1944. The landscape, designed and planted 1921-1944, includes the contributing Stone grottos , Curvilinear Pool , Open Picnic Area , Lake , Dam , Covered Picnic Area , Boathouse , and Swimming Pool . The Kellenberger House is a Colonial Revival style dwelling built in stages between about 1921 and 1944. At its core is a mid-19th century V-notched log house. Associated with the house are the contributing Log Outbuilding , Bungalow style Tenant House , and Chicken House .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Cantacuzino Palace is located on Calea Victoriei no. 141, Bucharest, Romania. It was built by architect Ion D. Berindey in French Baroque/Art Nouveau style. Today it houses the George Enescu museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1901-1903 for Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino, mayor of Bucharest and former prime-minister. After his death, the building was inherited by his son Mihail G. Cantacuzino, who died prematurely in 1929. Mihail&#39;s wife Maria remarried in December 1939 with music composer George Enescu. The building - known as Cantacuzino Palace at the time - hosted the Presidency of the Council of Ministers in the eve of World War II.</p><br>
<p>After the death of George Enescu in 1955, his wife stated in her will that the palace would host a museum dedicated to the artist. In 1956, The National Museum George Enescu was established.</p><br>
<p>Bethel Cemetery is a cemetery in rural western Lawrence County, Arkansas. It is located off County Road 225, about 1.1 mi north of Arkansas Highway 117, roughly midway between Black Rock and Smithville. Its oldest portion occupies a roughly triangular parcel of land, surrounded by a perimeter road, with a gate at the eastern corner. It is located next to the site of a church which was established in the 1820s, and its oldest grave is supposedly the 1835 burial of an American Revolutionary War veteran. The oldest dated grave marker is marked 1858, and the cemetery continues to be used today. The cemetery is a reminder of the community of Denton, which flourished in the mid-19th century, but declined after it was bypassed by the railroad.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>Whitsett Historic District is a national historic district located at Whitsett, Guilford County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 38 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 5 contributing structures in the crossroads village of Whitsett. The contributing resources were built between 1894 and 1921, and developed around the Whitsett Institute, that operated from 1884 to 1919. Located in the district and separately listed is Holly Gate. Other notable buildings include the Queen Anne / Colonial Revival style "The Oaks", the John Rankin House, the Captain Dick House, the Wimbish-Tayler House, the Jefferson Lamb Houses, the Swift-Wheeler House, and the 1894 Charles T. Mason House and Dormitory.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>Gwynne-Love House, also known as Goldmuntz Cascade House,</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The house is located in central Colorado Springs on a bluff overlooking Monument Valley Park near Colorado College and the Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Edmiston Gwynne had a Queen Anne house built with English architectural details that was designed by Willard B. Perkins in 1886. The original owner died soon after its completion however, and the building was converted into a boarding house to meet the demand generated by the 1891 Cripple Creek gold discovery. It was purchased in 1914 by the Love family that had moved to Colorado from Indianapolis and used as a private residence. It was converted back to apartments in the 1950s. The house is significant as one of the last remaining stately homes built in the early history of Colorado Springs.</p><br>
<p>The John M. Philbrook House, now the Victoria Inn, is a historic house at 32 Main Street in Bethel, Maine. Built in 1895, it is the town&#39;s most sophisticated example of Queen Anne architecture. John Philbrook, for whom it was built, was a lumber and cattle merchant. The house was used in the 1970s as faculty housing for nearby Gould Academy, and is now an inn. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Philbrook House is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, resting on a granite foundation and finished in weatherboards. It has asymmetrical and irregular massing typical of the Queen Anne period, with a tower at the northeast corner topped by a bell-shaped roof. A porch extends across most of the front (eastern) facade, with a shed roof, gable above the stairs, and turned posts connected by a balustrade and a delicate wooden screen at the top. The roof is basically hipped, although there are cross gables, and a large front gable which includes a small semicircular roof projection at its peak. The interior of the house features elegant woodwork in the fireplace mantels, and a plaster medallion in one of the parlors. A more utilitarian ell extends to the rear of the house; it was a later addition that was damaged by fire and has been rehabilitated. The ell joins the main house to a large carriage house which also features Queen Anne elements, including a small octagonal cupola. Its interior has been converted to residential space.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1895 by Gilbert Tuell, a local contractor, for about $8,000. John Philbrook, the buyer, was a native of Shelburne, New Hampshire who attended Bethels Gould Academy. He began his career in farming and lumber, and eventually became a merchant, and served several terms in the Maine State Senate and as a county commissioner. Left vacant for a number of years following Philbrooks death, the home was purchased by a local car dealer in 1938. It was later used as faculty housing by the academy in the 1970, and is now the location of the Victoria Inn, a bed and breakfast.</p><br>
<p>Poulton Hall is a country house in Poulton Road, Poulton, an area to the south of Bebington, Wirral, Merseyside, England. The present hall was built in 1653 and was extended in the following centuries. It is built in pebbledashed brick with stone dressings and slate roof. Its contents include a three-manual pipe organ. In the grounds is a 17th-century former brewhouse that has a clock tower with a 32-bell carillon. The house and the brewhouse are both recorded in the National Heritage List for England as designated Grade II listed buildings. Musical concerts are held in the house, and the gardens, which contain 20th-century sculptures, are open to the public twice a year.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Poulton Hall has been the home of the Poulton Lancelyn family since the 12th century. In the 16th century their surname became Lancelyn Green (or Greene) when Elizabeth Lancelyn married Randle Greene of Congleton. It has been alleged that a castle existed on the site, but there is now no reliable evidence of earthworks or a castle. The present hall dates from 1653, and it was extended to the rear in 1720 when Revd Robert Green added a library. In 1840 a larger addition was made, consisting of a dining room and service wing, and a billiard room containing a pipe organ was built to the left of this in the 1880s.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The house is constructed in pebbledashed brick with stone dressings and slate roofs. The original block has two storeys and a front of three bays, with a single storey wing to the left. There is a central Tuscan porch and glazed doors. The windows have architraves; in the ground floor the windows, which include French windows, have friezes and cornices, and in the upper floor they are sash windows with glazing bars. The wing has a hipped roof and a clerestory. On the right side of the house, the first two bays are bowed. The rear parts of the house are similar to the main block, but simpler.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>Inside the house is a 17th-century staircase with twisted balusters, flat-topped newels, and added Gothic features. The library has three recesses on each side that are lined with books. The dining room contains a screen of Ionic columns.</p><br>
<h2>Outbuildings</h2><br>
<p>The most notable structure in the grounds is a former brewhouse that stands to the northeast of the hall, This dates from the 17th century and is constructed in brick on a stone base, with stone dressings and a slate roof. The building has two storeys and three bays, and the windows and entrances have flat arches with stone keystones. There are entrances in the first and second bays, and in the upper storey there are louvred windows in the first and third bays. On the left side of the building is an external staircase leading to a first floor entrance. On the roof is a square clock turret with louvred sides. The turret contains a carillon of 32 bells that are computer controlled. Of these, 23 were cast by the Royal Dutch Bellfoundry in 2007–09, and the other are second-hand, and were tuned by John Taylor of Loughborough. Behind the brewhouse is a four-bay shippon. This has two turrets, one of which contains a clock, and the other a bell. The bell was formerly in Lindisfarne College.</p><br>
<h2>Gardens</h2><br>
<p>At the entrance to the gardens is a monument erected by Scirard de Lancelyn in the 11th century. The path then leads across a ha-ha to lawns and the Walled Garden. The Walled Garden was laid out in the 1980s by June Lancelyn Green and contains contemporary sculptures. Some of these reflect the literary interests of her late husband, Roger Lancelyn Green; these include Lewis Carroll, C. S. Lewis, Peter Pan, and Sherlock Holmes. Included in the garden are sculptures by Jim Heath, Sue Sharples, Judith Railton, John and Carol White, Cilla West (daughter of Roger Lancelyn Green), and Sean Rice.</p><br>
<h2>Appraisal</h2><br>
<p>The hall and the brewhouse were both designated as Grade II listed buildings on 27 December 1962. Grade II is the lowest of the three grades of listing and is applied to buildings that are "nationally important and of special interest". Hartwell et al in the Buildings of England series describe the house as being "deeply historical but not at all grand".</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>Tours of the house and outbuildings are arranged, as well as musical recitals and concerts, and the gardens are open to the public twice a year under the National Gardens Scheme. The barn can be hired for private functions, and the hall and its grounds are available for filming. They have been used as locations in the film Longford, and in the television series The Owl Service.</p><br>
<p>The Breakwater is a historic sporting lodge on the Mount Kineo peninsula of Moosehead Lake in central Maine. Built in 1909, it is an architecturally sophisticated example of a sporting lodge, exhibiting Shingle style and Italianate features. It was designed by Howard G. Chamberlain, a New York City architect, with funding from the nearby Mount Kineo Resort and the Moosehead Yacht Club. It was one of the centerpieces of central Maine&#39;s most successful summer resort, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Breakwater is a two story wood frame structure, set at the southern end of the narrow peninsula projecting south from Mount Kineo into Moosehead Lake, Maine&#39;s largest lake. The main block is set on stone piers and topped by a shingled hip roof, with a side ell of 1-1/2 stories that is gambrel-roofed. The primary facade faces the lake to the south, with a two-story recessed porch at its center, and flanking multiwindow bays on either side. A beltcourse of trim separates the first and second floors, rising in gentle keystoned arches above the windows of the side bays. A hip-roof dormer pierces the roof above the porches. The western facade is somewhat similar in appearance; the first-floor porch has been glassed in, and there is an eyebrow dormer above the porches. Windows on the first floor are twelve-over-one on the first floor and six-over-one on the second. The porch balustrades are diamond-shaped woodwork.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the lodge has a fairly open plan of rooms, with service areas largely confined to the ell. There is a large central living room area, with dining rooms on either side. The upstairs has been arranged for residential use, with bedrooms and bathrooms.</p><br>
<p>The Breakwater was designed by New York architect Howard G. Chamberlain and builtin 1909. Construction was overseen by the adjacent Mount Kineo Resort, with some funding coming from the Moosehead Yacht Club, one of the leading social organizations in the lake-oriented community. The resort was successful until the Great Depression, and its main hotel was torn down in 1938, leaving an annex, a collection of residential cottages, and The Breakwater, which were consolidated under one ownership in 1946. Later attempts to resurrect the resort failed, and the hotel annex was also torn down, in 1995. The Yacht Club was revived in 1962, but is now located in Greenville. The Breakwater sat vacant for many years, but underwent restoration in 1999.</p><br>
<p>Shop Row is a heritage-listed commercial building at 609 & 613 Stanley Street, Woolloongabba, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This two-storeyed brick shop row was built, probably for John Brett and Winifred Mary Charlton, owners of the adjoining Clarence Hotel.</p><br>
<p>Although the site on which the shop row is situated housed a number of small businesses from the 1870s onwards, the land subdivision which permitted construction of the brick shop row did not take place until 1903, following purchase of the Clarence Hotel and the adjoining Stanley Street property by the Charltons in 1902-03.</p><br>
<p>Its occupants have included fruiterers, hairdressers, tobacconists, drapers, and the Australian Bank of Commerce.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>This two-storeyed brick row comprises five shops, with a single skillion roof of corrugated iron sloping down from the front to the back.</p><br>
<p>A parapet of exposed face brickwork with applied decoration in cement render dominates the Stanley Street facade. The central design element on this parapet is a pediment scroll with plant motifs; in the bays on either side of the scroll, arch forms in cement render are set in relief.</p><br>
<p>A first floor cantilevered verandah across the front elevation is ornamented with double timber posts, bracket sweeps to three sides of each post, and batten balustrade and frieze. A set of French doors with fanlight opens centrally from each shop onto the verandah.</p><br>
<p>At the lower level a corrugated iron street awning is supported by double timber posts.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Shop Row was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Shop Row at Woolloongabba, erected, is important typologically as surviving evidence of Federation-era shop row type in Brisbane, and historically as one of the few surviving commercial buildings of Woolloongabba&#39;s early 20th century post-depression recovery.</p><br>
<p>The place is important for its streetscape contribution, and as an integral part of the Clarence Corner precinct, which encapsulates the principal phases of commercial development in Woolloongabba from the 1860s to the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Shop Row at Woolloongabba, erected, is important typologically as surviving evidence of Federation-era shop row type in Brisbane, and historically as one of the few surviving commercial buildings of Woolloongabba&#39;s early 20th century post-depression recovery.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place is important for its streetscape contribution, and as an integral part of the Clarence Corner precinct, which encapsulates the principal phases of commercial development in Woolloongabba from the 1860s to the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>Central Mountain is a mountain in Columbia County, Sullivan County, and Luzerne County, in Pennsylvania, United States. Its elevation is 2,247 ft above sea level. The mountain is part of the Allegheny Front. Rock formations on the mountain include the Pocono Formation and the Duncannon Member of the Catskill Formation. It was historically known as North Mountain, but it was renamed Central Mountain  in the late 1800s. The mountain is one of the most important sites on the Columbia County Natural Areas Inventory and it is inhabited by dozens of trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants. Numerous birds and several amphibians and mammals are also found in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and geology</h2><br>
<p>Central Mountain has an official elevation of 2,247 ft, making it the second-highest mountain in Columbia County, after Red Rock Mountain. The mountain is on the Allegheny Front.</p><br>
<p>A creek known as East Branch Fishing Creek flows along the base of Central Mountain. Morainic topography consisting of knobs and kettles occurs on the lowest 200 to 500 ft of the side of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>Central Mountain&#39;s official coordinates are in the United States Geological Survey quadrangle of Red Rock. The mountain is located partially in northeastern Sugarloaf Township and partially in Sullivan County and Luzerne County.</p><br>
<p>A rock formation known as the Duncannon Member of the Catskill Formation occurs on Central Mountain. It is 500 to 600 ft thick at this location. Additionally, the Pocono Formation, a rock formation from the Mississippian Period, occurs on the mountain.</p><br>
<p>The soils on Central Mountain are deep-muck soils that are saturated with water.</p><br>
<h2>History and etymology</h2><br>
<p>Central Mountain was historically known as North Mountain due to the fact that it is the northernmost mountain in Columbia County. Between 1860 and 1900, it came to be known as Central Mountain, after the village of Central. Central Mountain became the most common name for the mountain by the 1890s, during the period where the lumber industry was prevalent in the area.</p><br>
<p>A school district and geographical district named Central District existed in the 1800s in Sugarloaf Township. It was named after Central Mountain and the village of Central.</p><br>
<p>In the 21st century, potential threats to the natural habitats on the mountain include logging and all terrain vehicle trails.</p><br>
<h2>Plants</h2><br>
<p>Central Mountain is listed on the Columbia County Natural Areas Inventory. It is one of the most important sites on the inventory, with a priority rank of 1 on a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 being the most important. The only other sites in Columbia County with a rank of 1 are South Branch Roaring Creek and the Susquehanna River.</p><br>
<p>The entire northern part of Columbia County, including Central Mountain, is covered in northern hardwood forests. Ecosystems on the mountain include an Ephemeral/Fluctuating Pool Natural Community and a Hemlock Palustrine Forest Natural Community. The mountain contains forested wetlands consisting mainly of hemlock trees. There are open sedge meadows in some places.</p><br>
<p>Sphagnum mosses, sedges, and other herbaceous plants grow on Central Mountain. The federally endangered northeastern bulrush also grows on it. Numerous species use the mountain as a habitat. In addition to hemlock, the main tree species on the mountain include yellow birch, black birch, black gum, sugar maple, red maple, white oak, chestnut oak, red oak, white pine, sassafras, basswood, tulip poplar, pignut hickory, mockernut hickory, shagbark hickory, and ash.</p><br>
<p>Numerous shrub species inhabit Central Mountain. These include mountain laurel, black huckleberry, highbush blueberry, low sweet blueberry, gooseberry, swamp dewberry witch-hazel, greenbriar, and striped maple. Many herbaceous plants also inhabit the mountain. These include various sedges and also ferns, such as Christmas fern, sweet fern, hay-scented fern, and interrupted fern. Other herbaceous plant species include black bulrush, false hellebore, jewelweed, partridgeberry, smartweeds, soft rush, false Solomon&#39;s seal, stinging nettle, swamp milkweed, Sphagnum moss, sweet vernal grass, teaberry, trailing arbutus, violets, whorled loosestrife, and woolgrass.</p><br>
<h2>Animals</h2><br>
<p>Numerous bird species inhabit Central Mountain. These include four warbler species, three vireo species, the hermit thrush, the dark-eyed junco, the veery, the black-capped chickadee, the ovenbird, the gray catbird, the common yellowthroat, the scarlet tanager, the eastern towhee, and the eastern wood pewee. Amphibians inhabiting the mountain include wood frogs, pickerel frogs, dusky salamanders, and red spotted newts. Mammals inhabiting the mountain include white-tailed deer and black bears.</p><br>
<p>Hillyards Shop House is a heritage-listed general store at 615 Stanley Street, Woolloongabba, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built and remodelled in the 1920s. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This two-storeyed brick shop house was constructed in the mid-1860s for Brisbane watchmaker George Hillyard, who purchased the site in 1865.</p><br>
<p>It was one of the earliest masonry buildings at One-mile Swamp (Woolloongabba), erected during the 1860s development of that part of Stanley Street as an early commercial centre.</p><br>
<p>The Hillyard family ran a successful watchmaking and jewellery business from the premises for nearly twenty years. Their shop boasted a clock tower at some stage, an advertisement which served as a convenience for passing travellers and drovers.</p><br>
<p>After George Hillyard died in 1881 his widow opened a fancy toy shop in part of the building, and William Hillyard continued with the watchmaking business. They sold the Stanley Street property in 1885.</p><br>
<p>Over the subsequent century a variety of small businesses have operated from the ground floor, with the first floor rented as boarding rooms and more recently occupied by squatters.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Hillyards shop house is situated in Stanley Street between Clarence Corner and Merton Road, and adjacent to Pollocks shop house, another c.1865 two-storeyed brick building.</p><br>
<p>The building comprises a main shop on the ground floor, residential accommodation on the first floor, an arched covered carriage-way through to the rear of the property, and a brick and iron skillion-roofed kitchen extension, which projects as a one-storeyed wing at the rear along the western side. The carriage-way has been enclosed to create another shop.</p><br>
<p>The core is capped by a steeply pitched corrugated-iron roof with a square platform at the top. Probably it was shingled originally.</p><br>
<p>The front facade is distinguished by a small rendered brick parapet, possibly of later origin, which returns unrendered along both sides of the building. This parapet features three decorative urns and a pediment with a central circular opening which houses a ventilation duct leading via a small gable into the roof.</p><br>
<p>A cantilevered iron-roofed first floor verandah has been boarded over, and a curved iron street awning is supported by slender cast iron and modern steel columns.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor has been altered and the main shop facade appears to have been remodelled in the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>The first floor is substantially intact. It contains five rooms, including a large front parlour. Twelve feet high, timber tongue and groove lined ceilings feature central circular ventilators. The 370mm brick walls are plaster lined and divided internally by walls of eight inch wide tongue and groove vertical joint boards, with narrow timber picture rails and wide skirting boards. Three sets of wide French doors with single pane fanlights open onto the front verandah.</p><br>
<p>The kitchen wing consists of three rooms with a double fireplace, probably initially housing kitchen, dining room and servant&#39;s room.</p><br>
<p>Despite a number of modifications, the building retains much of the original character. The most significant alterations are the removal of both the early clock tower and the internal staircase.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Hillyards Shop House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Hillyard&#39;s Shop House is a rare surviving 1860s detached brick shop house complete with service wing and covered carriage-way, indicative of a way of life no longer common in Brisbane, and is important for its association with the early commercial development of the One-mile Swamp (Woolloongabba) area in the 1860s.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Hillyard&#39;s Shop House is a rare surviving 1860s detached brick shop house complete with service wing and covered carriage-way, indicative of a way of life no longer common in Brisbane, and is important for its association with the early commercial development of the One-mile Swamp (Woolloongabba) area in the 1860s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place is an integral part of the Clarence Corner streetscape, and particularly significant as one of a pair of brick, two-storeyed shop houses on adjacent properties fronting Stanley Street. It makes a strong contribution to the Woolloongabba townscape.</p><br>
<p>Pollock&#39;s Shop House is a heritage-listed general store at 617-619 Stanley Street, Woolloongabba, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This two-storeyed brick building was constructed in the mid-1860s, either for Brisbane businessman and contractor William Pettigrew, who acquired the site in December 1864, or for Brisbane contractor and butcher Alexander Pollock, who acquired title to the site, (then part of the Clarence Estate), in April 1865.</p><br>
<p>It was one of the earliest masonry buildings at One-mile Swamp (Woolloongabba), erected during the 1860s development of that part of Stanley Street as an early commercial centre.</p><br>
<p>One-mile Swamp received an investment boost in the early and mid-1860s, following diversion of the Toowoomba mail from South Brisbane to Kangaroo Point, the formation of the New Ipswich Road, (avoiding the Old Ipswich or Boggo (Boghole) Road - later Annerley Road), and the opening of Brisbane&#39;s first cross river bridge (Victoria Bridge) at South Brisbane in June 1865.</p><br>
<p>These developments stimulated land investment at One-mile Swamp, and in 1864 the Clarence Town Estate was offered for sale. This parcel of land, which comprised 7 acres with frontages to Stanley Street and Boggo and Merton Roads, had been alienated in 1856 by Thomas Grenier of Brisbane. It was sold to publican Thomas Hayselden in 1863, and the first Clarence Hotel, at the corner of Stanley Street (by then the main Ipswich Road) and Boggo Road, was opened by Hayselden in January 1864.</p><br>
<p>When Hayseldens Clarence Estate and neighbouring One-mile Swamp or Woolloongabba allotments were being advertised for auction or sale in 1864-65, the potential of the area for both small business and residential purposes was emphasised. Suddenly, in the mid-1860s, an area which previously had been defined by little other than three Hotels - the Clarence at the intersection of the old and new Ipswich Roads, Scanlans hotel at the Woolloongabba fiveways, and the Buffalo at the corner of Hawthorne Road and New Ipswich Road - acquired a string of small businesses fronting the new Ipswich Road beyond Boggo Road. Amongst these was Pollock&#39;s shop house.</p><br>
<p>Until well into the 1870s, One-mile Swamp was a separate settlement from South Brisbane and Kangaroo Point, and early progress was associated with the traffic from the interior - bullock teams converging on One-mile Swamp from the old and new Ipswich Roads, and the Logan and Cleveland Roads. A further stimulus to development of the area came with the discovery of beds of clay amongst the string of waterholes and marshes which comprised the One-mile Swamp. It is understood that a brickworks was established near the site of the Woolloongabba cricket ground, and that several other such establishments followed in the One-mile Swamp/Kangaroo Point area, flourishing in the 1860s and 1870s.</p><br>
<p>It is likely that the bricks used in the construction of Pollock&#39;s shop-house came from the One-mile Swamp brickworks, and survive to illustrate one of the earliest industries of Woolloongabba.</p><br>
<p>Alexander Pollock was bankrupted in the crash of 1866/67, and although reputedly he later retrieved his fortune in the Gympie goldrush, was forced to forfeit the Stanley Street property to a mortgagee in 1868.</p><br>
<p>Since that time a variety of small businesses have operated from the ground floor premises, which totalled four shops by the twentieth century. One of the more enduring businesses established in the building was the oyster saloon run by Luigi Cervetto, fish merchant, who acquired the property in 1912, and neighbouring subdivision 10 in 1920. The Cervetto family retained both sites until 1956. The first floor has been rented as boarding rooms, and more recently occupied by squatters.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Pollocks Shop House is situated in Stanley Street between Clarence Corner and Merton Road, adjacent to Hillyards Shop House, another two-storeyed brick building. A narrow laneway runs along the east face of the building, which has a sealed bitumen carpark at the rear.</p><br>
<p>The building consists of a two storeyed brick core, square in plan, with early double storeyed timber additions to either side, and a single storeyed extension to the rear.</p><br>
<p>There is a hipped roof on the central brick core, with inward sloping skillion roofs on each side wing that drain to box gutters fixed to the brick walls, and a skillion roof to the rear extension.</p><br>
<p>The building has a pleasing balance in its design, with two symmetrically placed window openings in the upper level of the plain brick rear facade, and three door openings to the Stanley Street verandah.</p><br>
<p>Despite the unequal sizes of the side additions, the building&#39;s appearance is unified by a street awning and verandah that run the full width of the Stanley Street elevation, with a chamferboard parapet each side of the central roof; and by the rear extension which also spans the full width of the facade.</p><br>
<p>The eastern facade and the verandah are oversheeted with fibro, as is the soffit of the street awning.</p><br>
<p>Facebrick coursing of the central core is English Bond brickwork, with corner quoins to the Stanley Street elevation, and round headed openings with sandstone sills at first floor level in the southern face, one of which has been extended to form a doorway.</p><br>
<p>Internally the central core has set plasterwork to walls, lathe and plaster ceilings, pine floors, and a timber framed roof of corrugated GI sheeting over timber shingles.</p><br>
<p>The wings are of timber, lined externally with horizontal chamferboards and internally with vertical VJ boards to walls and ceilings, and are roofed in corrugated GI sheeting.</p><br>
<p>A central chimney services both floors and joinery throughout is of cedar, including the turned staircase.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the core comprises a front shop, two back rooms in what was possibly the former kitchen, and a side stairwell on the ground floor with a side passage that is now a toilet. At the first floor level, the stairwell opens into a large parlour with French doors to the Stanley Street verandah and doorways either side of the central fireplace to two bedrooms at the rear.</p><br>
<p>In the eastern wing is a ground floor shop with two small rooms at the rear, giving access to a stair that leads to four upstairs rooms, which are symmetrically placed around a central hallway. Each upstairs room on the eastern and southern elevations has a single double hung sash window, protected by an external hood.</p><br>
<p>A ground floor shop occupies the western wing, with a room at the rear. Access to the two rooms and small bathroom upstairs is gained through a doorway to the front verandah.</p><br>
<p>Except for the westernmost shop which has a metal roller shutter, the shopfronts have glazed showcases either side of splayed and glazed reveals and central doorways, and date from early this century.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Pollock&#39;s Shop House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>It provides rare evidence of the early commercial development of One-Mile Swamp/ Woolloongabba in the mid-1860s; of the early brickmaking industry associated with the area at this time, of which little record, either physical or written, survives; and of 1860s brick construction technique and stylistic and aesthetic choices.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Pollock&#39;s Shop House is one of few two-storeyed, brick, 1860s shop houses to survive in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>It provides rare evidence of the early commercial development of One-Mile Swamp/ Woolloongabba in the mid-1860s; of the early brickmaking industry associated with the area at this time, of which little record, either physical or written, survives; and of 1860s brick construction technique and stylistic and aesthetic choices.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>As a substantially intact, detached, two-storeyed brick shop house, this building is particularly important in illustrating a past way of life.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>As an integral part of the Clarence Corner streetscape, and one of a pair of two-storeyed brick shop houses on adjacent properties fronting Stanley Street, this building contributes strongly to the Woolloongabba townscape.</p><br>
<p>The Phoenix Buildings are heritage-listed commercial buildings at 647 Stanley Street, Woolloongabba, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. They were designed by Richard Gailey and built from 1889 to 1890 by James Rix. They were added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 May 1995.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Phoenix Buildings were erected in 1889-90 for William Davies, mining entrepreneur, who purchased subdivisions 1-5 of suburban allotment 135, parish of South Brisbane, in late 1888.</p><br>
<p>The buildings were designed by Brisbane architect Richard Gailey, who called tenders in April 1889. The contractor was Woolloongabba builder James Rix. Gailey designed a row of ten two-storeyed shops, six of which comprised the initial contract. Shops in the buildings were advertised for rent in the Brisbane Courier of July 1890. The ground floors of the other four shops appear to have been erected about the same time, but the upper floors were never completed.</p><br>
<p>In 1919, ownership of Phoenix Buildings passed to Davies son, Maldwyn, who sold the property in mid-1920. The six two-storeyed shops were purchased by George Calile Malouf, who established a drapery business in the two end shops, and rented out the remainder. Maloufs became a familiar Woolloongabba landmark, expanding to include most of the premises. These buildings remain in the Malouf family, but the drapery business ceased operation in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The four single-storeyed shops were purchased by grocers Barry and Roberts. Although the decorative street awning survives, the buildings themselves have been substantially altered, and do not form part of the listing.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Phoenix Buildings, comprising six two-storeyed, rendered masonry, attached shops, are located on the corner of Merton Street facing Stanley Street, a major arterial road through Woolloongabba. They form the end of a group of commercial buildings, ranging from the mid 19th century through to the early 20th century, with street awnings and decorative rendered facades.</p><br>
<p>The Stanley Street elevation is unified by a curved corrugated iron street awning, which continues in front of neighbouring shops returning slightly into Merton Street, and a narrow first floor verandah. The lined street awning has cast iron paired columns, brackets and valance, with shopfronts of aluminium framed glazing. The verandah has cast iron single columns, brackets, valance and balustrade, curved corrugated iron roof, timber partitions and floor with French doors and fanlights. A rendered parapet balustrade with circular openings above a deep cornice has the inscription PHOENIX BUILDINGS over the two centre panels.</p><br>
<p>Each shop has a hipped corrugated iron roof with, except for the corner shop, a central clerestory skylight behind a perimeter parapet. The two end shops nearest Merton Street are deeper, giving the building an L-shaped plan, the other four shops have a basement. The Merton Street elevation has pilasters, with cornice and parapet above, and sash windows with moulded surrounds. At the rear of the building the first floor verandahs are enclosed.</p><br>
<p>A caretakers flat on the first floor at the Merton Street end could indicate the original layout. The building is currently divided into two tenancies.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor of the Merton Street end tenancy has had party walls removed and has a suspended ceiling. The first floor has single skin tongue and groove partitions, boarded ceilings and clerestory skylights.</p><br>
<p>The second tenancy has been fitted out for offices with arched openings in party walls and suspended ceilings on both levels.</p><br>
<p>Turned timber staircases are intact in both tenancies, and basements have back to back fireplaces with shared chimneys which no longer operate.</p><br>
<p>A concrete block toilet addition with a lean-to corrugated iron roof is attached to the rear.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Phoenix Buildings were listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 May 1995 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Phoenix Buildings are an integral part of a group of commercial buildings which are important in demonstrating the evolution of Clarence Corner as a business and retail centre from the mid-19th century through to the early 20th century, and in particular, illustrate Woolloongabba&#39;s commercial development in the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The place is evidence of 1880s brick attached shops in Brisbane, a now rare aspect of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>As one of the few known examples of attached shops designed by Brisbane architect Richard Gailey, Phoenix Buildings are important in demonstrating some of the principal characteristics of Gailey&#39;s commercial work.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>In scale and form, Phoenix Buildings exhibit an aesthetic contribution to the Stanley Street streetscape and to the Woolloongabba townscape which is valued by the community.</p><br>
<p>St Paul&#39;s Anglican Church is a heritage-listed church and columbarium at 554 Vulture Street East, East Brisbane, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Atkinson & Conrad and built in the 1950s by J Hood. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 February 2014.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St Paul&#39;s, an Anglican brick church on Vulture Street in East Brisbane, was built in 1924 and designed by Brisbane Diocesan architects, Atkinson and Conrad. The church dates from a pronounced period of expansion for the Anglican Church in Queensland, when many new ecclesiastical buildings were constructed, especially in the Brisbane Diocese.</p><br>
<p>Much of the area comprising what is now East Brisbane, traditional country of the Yuggera and Turrbal people, was purchased from the Crown in 1855 by Joseph Darragh. It was the eventual subdivision of this property, and other large estates into allotments in the mid-1880s which established East Brisbane as a residential suburb. Prior to this, it was semi-rural in character, with a few isolated families scattered through the area, and a number of elite estates along the river. The electric tramway reached Woolloongabba/East Brisbane in 1897, and in 1901 an extension through East Brisbane to Norman Park was constructed. The provision of this cheap, efficient form of public transport encouraged further settlement in the East Brisbane area. From the 1910s to the 1930s, it grew gradually.</p><br>
<p>Anglican church services commenced in East Brisbane in 1887, when a curate from St Marys, Kangaroo Point, began conducting services in a building owned by Charles Ewbank in Didsbury Street. A site was acquired on the corner of Vulture and Edgar Streets and a timber church, also initially used for Sunday School, was opened 1 December 1887. From 1889 St Pauls was serviced by priests from Holy Trinity parish at Woolloongabba before returning to St Marys parish in 1895. St Pauls was then serviced by the Church Mission until 1921, when it was raised to "parochial district" status.</p><br>
<p>In 1912 the priest attached to St Paul&#39;s, Morgan Baker, and the church community began working towards the establishment of a new church. By Easter 1914 a building fund had raised over £400. Fundraising continued through the 1910s but was disrupted by World War I.</p><br>
<p>The election of Gerald Sharp as Archbishop of the Diocese of Brisbane in 1921 heralded an important expansion phase for the Anglican Church in Queensland. Over the next ten years 57 new churches were built in the Brisbane Diocese and over 30,000 new members were received into communion. Timber (considered temporary) churches were mainly built in new parishes, while many brick (permanent) churches replaced earlier structures at older parishes. Large-scale building projects also occurred at church schools, including the Anglican Church Grammar School (Churchie) at East Brisbane, during this period.</p><br>
<p>By 1922, renewed activity under Reverend George Neal saw a committee established to build the new church. A large meeting chaired by Archbishop Sharp was held in July to consider whether a new church should be built in timber or brick. The committee emphasised the need to act as soon as possible, as the present building was inadequate for its needs. The vote for a brick church was "practically unanimous". St Pauls attained the status of parish in 1923 and in June 1923 the Corporation of the Synod of the Diocese of Brisbane formally acquired a new site for St Pauls on the corner of Vulture Street and Balmoral Terrace. The elevated site, "nearer the tramline and in a more conspicuous position", was consciously chosen to enhance the prominence of the church within the suburb. At a fundraising event in November, Canon Francis de Witt Batty commended the decision to bring St Paul&#39;s Church out of "comparative obscurity into the light of day", while also noting "Brisbane had awakened at last to its duty in the matter of church building".</p><br>
<p>In January 1924 diocesan architects, Atkinson and Conrad, produced a design for the new church at East Brisbane. The firm, (operating in 2013 as Conrad Gargett Riddel) began in 1890 as the practice of Henry Atkinson (1866-1938) who had previously worked as an architect in the Queensland Public Works department. Charles McLay, a former colleague, was admitted into the practice in 1907. McLay was appointed Diocesan Architect in 1916 following the resignation of Robin Dods. The position of Diocesan Architect was passed to Atkinson in 1918 following the death of McLay. Arnold Conrad, who had worked for Atkinson and McLay since 1912 was appointed partner and the firm was renamed Atkinson and Conrad Architects. In 1922 Atkinson travelled to Europe to study church architecture. The firm (from 1938 as Conrad and Gargett), continued to provide church and school designs for the diocese over the next fifty years. Other buildings designed by Atkinson and Conrad and entered in the Queensland Heritage Register are Craigston (1928 apartment building) and the Balmoral Fire Station (1927).</p><br>
<p>The new St Pauls church was designed as a nave with an extended semicircular-planned chancel attached to its east end, a side porch at its west end, side vestries for organ and choir, a belfry and attached buttress piers. White banding on facebrick (known as the "blood and bandage" style) featured both internally and externally. Up to 250 people could be accommodated within the church in addition to the choir. Provision was also made for a lych gate and rubble stone wall (at the time claimed to be the first for a church in Queensland). Lych gates, sheltered gateways at the entrance of a church ground, traditionally where clergy met corpses and conducted part of a funeral service, became increasingly popular elements of Australian Anglican church design during the interwar period, often dedicated as war memorials. The "Seek and ye shall find" inscription over the St Pauls gateway was carved by Reverend Neal.</p><br>
<p>The design by Atkinson and Conrad for St Paul&#39;s was an example of the type of modern ecclesiastic architecture that was widely used during the 1920s and 1930s. While such places incorporated traditional elements and symbology, designs were broadly characterised by a more simplified and freer approach than 19th century Gothic Revival examples, and featured less complicated ornamentation, large plain wall expanses and the "honest" use of materials. Brick was the preferred construction material, which (as "permanent" churches), allowed for consecration within the Anglican Church.</p><br>
<p>Atkinson and Conrad produced a similar but less detailed design for the Canon Jones Memorial Church in 1923 at the nearby Anglican Church Grammar School in East Brisbane (established in 1917). Other similar churches designed by Atkinson and Conrad for the Brisbane Diocese in the 1920s include those built in Sherwood, Wilston, and St Alban&#39;s Chapel at The Southport School.</p><br>
<p>In a 1929 presentation to the Church of England Mens Society, Arnold Conrad discussed a number of church design philosophies. "A church is a house of God", he stated, "...and all our efforts in church building should be directed to the greatest degree in assisting the worshippers to the right frame of mind. We should create the right spiritual emotion by surrounding the worshippers with beauty, and so lift mens minds that their souls may be brought into closer harmony with God".</p><br>
<p>Architectural elements outlined by Conrad to achieve this goal included: brick construction over timber, with bare treatments to interior walls; large windows at the rear of the church and side windows on the chancel (rather than behind the altar); low-toned cathedral glass in simple leaded design where stained glass was not affordable, naves that were long rather than wide, and internal roofing wholly of wood, with heavy timber for open trussed roofs, stained with a dull finish to create "an interesting and dignified treatment". Such elements are readily apparent at St Pauls and other churches of the 1920s designed by Atkinson and Conrad. In particular, the use of substantial timber roof trussing in the nave (a word derived from the Latin word navis for ship), resembling the interior of a ships hull, expressed the longstanding symbolism of the church as a ship, guiding its members to safe harbour.</p><br>
<p>The tender of Red Hill builder J Hood, of just over £5000, was accepted for the erection of the church in late January 1924. Hood had recently completed St Matthew&#39;s Church in Sherwood. Reverend Neal and W Scott turned the first sod on 5 February, with the former laying the first brick on 14 February. The foundation stone was laid on 23 March by Archbishop Sharp and construction occurred over the next 6 months.</p><br>
<p>Including St Pauls, eleven new Anglican churches were constructed during 1924 in the Brisbane Diocese. This boom occurred within a much wider context of surging building activity and expansion in Brisbane during the 1920s, reflecting a level of prosperity that had not been seen in the city since the 1880s. By 1929, Greater Brisbane boasted a population of 284,758 people, a substantial increase from an estimated 209,946 in 1921. In early 1923 it was claimed the new buildings and improvements underway or planned constituted "the biggest building boom in the history of the city". Over the next few years the built environment of the city and growing suburban areas was rapidly transformed. As one of Brisbanes leading architectural firms, Atkinson and Conrad were closely involved in this process, designing numerous commercial, civic and residential buildings.</p><br>
<p>St Paul&#39;s was dedicated by Archbishop Sharp on Sunday 21 September 1924. During the ceremony the Archbishop expressed his joy at dedicating the church "which he was instrumental in furthering" and was "glad of the movement which is manifestly taking place to build adequate and permanent Churches in this city and in this Diocese". Parish rector Reverend George Neal estimated the final cost of the church, together with the site, at between £6000 and £7000.</p><br>
<p>On its opening, the church was described as "embod many of the latest ideas of ecclesiastical architecture". The diocesan publication the Church Chronicle praised the "pleasing and dignified design" and the wider windows and roof ventilation system used to keep the building cool. Other ventilation features were a pair of doorways on both sides of the nave enclosed by balustrading, and metal grilles in the chancel window sills, allowing air to be drawn in through the walls. In January 1925 the Church Chronicle published internal and external images of St Paul&#39;s, "in order that other parishes may be inspired to friendly rivalry with the people of East Brisbane and desire to do similar good work".</p><br>
<p>On opening and in later years, a number of parishioners donated furnishings and ecclesiastical requisites to the church: Mrs J Tritton (of home furnishing firm Trittons) purchased a bell for the belfry (in use from September 1926); Dr GWF Paul provided a font ewer (water jug) in memory of his son; Mr Rolley provided latches and handles for the main doors; Mrs DArcy Winten provided a silver chalice and paten (plate), and Lucy Carey and her daughter provided a hymn board in memory of her son Archibald who died in France during World War I. The parish Girls Guild donated a timber altar (inscribed "To the dear memory of those who served in the Great War 1914-1918") and the lectern with a brass eagle, which came from England. In 1931 two Exton and Co. stained glass windows, dedicated to the late Ethel Hobday, were donated as a gift from her family, "a beautiful addition to an already beautiful church". A psalm board dedicated to the memory of Corporal Ray Diggles of the Womens Auxiliary Air Force (WAAF) was donated after her death in 1942. A sanctuary lamp was dedicated in 1951 in memory of Elizabeth Hastings and Theresa Day.</p><br>
<p>After the churchs completion, the parish continued to hold fundraising events to pay off the remainder of the debt. In 1935 succeeding priest Rev. John Parker made an early speech in support of ecumenism; "I am looking forward to the day when there will be no barrier between the denominations". St Pauls was consecrated in a ceremony on 29 August 1937, having met the requirements: permanency of building, freedom of debt, and the vesting of the property in the Synod. The parish also celebrated its jubilee anniversary in that year. In 1942 an adjacent property "Ormside" was purchased for a rectory, following the sale of the old church and hall site in Edgar Street. Following the death of Rev. Parker in 1947, a granite baptismal font was dedicated in his memory.</p><br>
<p>In addition to being the focus of local worship, a number of associated groups were active in the parish, including the Girls Friendly Society, Boys Society, Mothers Union, Womens Guild and Parents Auxiliary. St Pauls became a very popular wedding venue in Brisbane, with newspapers reporting weekly on the numerous ceremonies performed there.</p><br>
<p>In October 1949, a day of record rainfall caused part of the stone wall facing Vulture Street to be washed away, later replaced by a concrete wall. In June 1952 an illuminated cross on top of the church was destroyed by a shotgun blast fired from a car, thought by police to be the work of "anti-religious cranks".</p><br>
<p>In 1954, a columbarium was controversially built at the rear of the church. Columbariums, walls with niches for the ashes of the dead, became more common at churches and cemeteries, in response to the increased acceptance of cremation. Australias first columbarium was built in Box Hill in Victoria in 1929. Cremation services first became available in Queensland in September 1934, when the Mount Thompson crematorium opened. The following year a columbarium was provided at Mount Thompson. By 1936, 13% of people interred in Brisbane were being cremated. The increased popularity of cremation led to requests for ashes to be deposited at Anglican churches. The Archbishop of the time, Dr William Wand, publicly opposed placing ashes in the main body of the church, preferring a designated annex such as a remodelled crypt or eastward extension. Queenslands first columbaria within churches were built at Holy Trinity Anglican Church, Woolloongabba and St Marks Anglican Church, Warwick in 1938. The first external columbarium was incorporated into an outer wall of St Marys Church at Kangaroo Point in 1949.</p><br>
<p>When the plan to construct a columbarium at St Pauls became known, 150 local residents signed a petition presented to Brisbanes Lord Mayor Alderman Frank Edward Roberts, "desiring the district to remain a pleasant residential one" and considering the crematorium or a nearby cemetery a more suitable location for storing ashes. The Brisbane City Council was powerless to act, as the approval was not necessary under their jurisdiction. Contained within an area of 30 by 15 feet (10m x 5m), the columbarium, a roofless structure of four 10 foot (3.3m) high brick walls with a wrought iron gated entrance, was constructed at a cost of £1000 and dedicated on 4 July 1954. The gate was donated in memory of Margaret Pashen by her family. Speaking in defence of the columbarium, the Rector, the Rev. NR Tomlinson, described it as "the modern version of the old church grave yard". At the opening ceremony Archbishop Reginald Halse stated, "Early Christians had raised no objection to cremation, but had buried their dead because of heathen rites which used fire. It was now felt cremation was just as respectful to the dead as burial. It also conformed with the words of the burial service ashes to ashes". Since opening, the columbarium has been used to store the ashes of many former parishioners, including those of Rev. Tomlinson.</p><br>
<p>Over time, some alterations and additions have occurred at St Paul&#39;s. Between the church and the rectory, a brick war memorial hall (not considered to be of state heritage significance) was built after 1945. The balustrade-enclosed doorway on the western side of the nave was opened to provide access, via a timber ramp. The chairs originally used by worshippers were replaced by timber pews. A Whitehouse Brothers organ, built in 1952 for the Baptist Church at Wynnum was installed on a raised platform at the rear of the church in 1993. The original organ vestry has been converted into a chapel. The roof of the church was replaced in 1997.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, St Paul&#39;s continues to fulfil its essential function as a place of worship for East Brisbane Anglicans.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>St Paul&#39;s Anglican Church is situated prominently on an elevated site at the corner of Vulture Street and Balmoral Terrace in East Brisbane. The site comprises a picturesque brick church, timber lych gate, stone retaining walls and a brick columbarium. A toilet block and shed on the north side of the church are within the boundary but are not of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<p>The church is of traditional gabled form. The nave is at its north (symbolic west) end and an extended chancel with apse under a conical roof at its south (symbolic east) end. Facing Balmoral Terrace, the entrance porch is located on the north-east corner of the nave and, flanking the intersection of the nave and chancel, are two adjacent vestries and a tall bell tower. On the western side of the chancel is a high-ceilinged organ chamber, now used as a chapel.</p><br>
<p>Employing asymmetry, heavy massing, high quality brickwork, semi-circular forms and simplified ornamentation, the design of St Paul&#39;s combines characteristics of Gothic, Romanesque and Arts and Crafts styles. The church is constructed in dark-red-brown Flemish bond brickwork, with painted render dressings defining features such as string courses, copings, lintels and sills (internally and externally). Stepped and plain buttresses support the exterior walls, and arched openings are constructed from multiple rowlock (brick-on-edge) courses. The prominent roof form is clad with rib-and-pan profile metal sheeting (replaced in 1997), and features flared eaves supported on decoratively trimmed rafters with a raked soffit of tongue-and-groove boards. The nave end walls are topped with stone cross finials, and gable ends to the vestries and entrance porch are finished with basket weave patterned brickwork. The entrance porch features a radiating arch with deep angled brick jambs, rounded window openings and a boarded ceiling. The belfry atop the octagonal bell tower is enclosed with fixed timber louvres between brick piers of alternating, three-course bands of rendered and face brickwork capped by a concrete hemispherical cupola.</p><br>
<p>The interior is well detailed and executed with dark stained timber joinery throughout, except for the contrasting honey-coloured boards that line the raked ceiling. Finely detailed trusses, supported on concrete corbels, incorporate semi-circular laminated arches of three vertical layers, bolted and strapped together at intervals. Within the semi-circular apse, the ceiling boards are tapered to a narrow point to form a conical peak. Decorative timber grilles along the apex of the nave and chancel ceiling combined with metal grilles in the chancel window sills are elements of the original ventilation system.</p><br>
<p>All doors are framed and ledged, most retaining original hardware including locks, metal bolts, keyhole covers and timber reeded knobs, with elaborate metal hinges on exterior doors. Side doors open onto raised semicircular concrete balconies, with the western balcony balustrade cut back to allow access from an adjacent car park.</p><br>
<p>The nave is lit by tall, timber-framed casement windows with leaded panes of textured green glass and semi-circular fanlights. Window hardware includes ornamental latch handles with spiral end. Three large stained glass windows in the north wall depict intertwined vines, wreaths and religious symbols – the "alpha" symbol in the western window, "IHS" (a Christogram) in the central window, and the "omega" symbol in the eastern window. Stained glass windows in the chancel depict Jesus, various saints and biblical scenes, with some including dedications to parishioners. Red cement-rendered floors, scored to form a square grid, are found throughout the church and entrance porch, except in the chancel, which has been subsequently tiled, and in the former organ chamber, where it is covered in carpet.</p><br>
<p>Church furniture is generally dark stained timber. The altar table, of carved timber panels, features gilded lettering – "TO THE DEAR MEMORY OF THOSE WHO SERVED IN THE GREAT WAR 1914-18" – across the front face. A sanctuary lamp is suspended over the altar. Various early timber items including chairs, tables, and psalm and hymn boards are found throughout the church and vestries. The timber altar rails remain within the chancel; however these and the altar table have been moved from their original positions. Other notable items within the chancel include: the foundation stone set into the eastern wall and a concrete plaque with a red Canterbury cross on the western wall, commemorating the consecration of the church in 1937. Facing the nave from the eastern side of the chancel steps is a raised octagonal brick pulpit finished with a rendered base and capping, while on the western side is a movable brass lectern topped by an eagle. The timber pews (replacing earlier chairs) are plain and stained a light colour. An octagonal, granite memorial baptismal font with timber lid is located near the centre of the nave. The organ (not original to the church) is on a raised timber platform in the north-west corner of the nave.</p><br>
<p>Non-significant additions to the church interior include a boarded lining to the chapel and northern nave walls, carpets, fluorescent lighting and ceiling fans.</p><br>
<p>The lych gate, flanked on both sides by random rubble retaining walls, defines the main entrance to the church grounds at the corner of Vulture Street and Balmoral Terrace. Constructed from heavy timbers, it has decorative cross bracing and a gable roof, clad in metal roof sheeting and lined with timber tongue and groove boards. Curved brackets on the street-facing side form an archway, above which the words "Seek and ye shall find" are carved in Gothic-style script. Curved red concrete steps ascend from street level to the gate, before continuing as straight steps up to a red concrete pathway leading to the entrance porch.</p><br>
<p>The columbarium in the north-east corner of the site, separated from the church by a narrow walkway, is a small, open-walled courtyard, accessed through an arched opening with a metal gate. The tall, orange brick walls, capped by concrete, contain small niches, with those containing ashes enclosed by brass name plaques. Rectangular garden beds are set into the concrete floor.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>St Paul&#39;s Anglican Church and Columbarium was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 February 2014 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>St Pauls Church East Brisbane is important in demonstrating the development of the Anglican church in Queensland. It was built in 1924 during a pronounced period of expansion, when many new ecclesiastical buildings were constructed by the Anglican church, especially in the Brisbane Diocese. The church also demonstrates the wider growth of Brisbane and rapid development of the citys built environment in the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>The detached columbarium at St Paul&#39;s, built in 1954 in response to the increasing use of cremation, is one of the earliest structures of its type built in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>St Paul&#39;s is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of 1920s Anglican church architecture in Queensland, expressed in its form, exterior detail and internal layout, fittings, fixtures and decorative treatments. Designed by eminent diocesan architects Atkinson and Conrad, the church is notable for its restrained and simplified brick treatment. The church accommodates traditional internal spaces and elements including the nave, chancel and vestries, coloured glass windows, and ecclesiastical furnishings. The lych gate and stone wall illustrate the revived use of such traditional features during this period.</p><br>
<p>The 1954 columbarium also demonstrates the principal characteristics of its type; discreetly located within the church ground, the space is enclosed with walls containing niches for ashes of the dead.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>St Pauls has aesthetic significance as a highly picturesque church, employing asymmetry, heavy massing, high quality brickwork, semi-circular forms and simplified ornamentation. The interior, with its dark brickwork and prominent timber roof trusses, evokes a sense of peace and spiritual shelter. The internal and external elements of St Pauls combine to create a cohesive and finely detailed whole.</p><br>
<p>Sited in an elevated position to express the prominence of the Anglican community, St Paul&#39;s makes an important architectural contribution to the Vulture Street streetscape and to the suburb of East Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>Craigston is a heritage-listed apartment block at 217 Wickham Terrace, Spring Hill, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Atkinson & Conrad and built in 1927. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This eight-storeyed building was constructed in 1927 for a group of Brisbane medical practitioners.</p><br>
<p>In the mid-1920s Dr Sydney Fancourt McDonald introduced to Brisbane the concept of a multi-function office/residential block, comprising professional suites on the ground floor and residential apartments on the levels above. Craigston Ltd was formed with McDonald as chairman, and Brisbane architects Atkinson & Conrad (1918-1927) were commissioned to design the structure.</p><br>
<p>Arnold Conrad and David Wales (draftsman) worked on the design in 1926, incorporating possibly the first reinforced concrete frame in a multi-storeyed building in Brisbane. The design also demonstrated Atkinson & Conrad&#39;s interest in the Spanish Mission style, which they used in a variety of local buildings, including the Tristram Factory at West End.</p><br>
<p>The building was erected in 1927 by builder and engineer Walter Taylor, under the supervision of architect Thomas Brennan Femister Gargett. Taylor&#39;s later work included the Walter Taylor Bridge(1932–36).</p><br>
<p>Craigston was built during the interwar redevelopment of the medical precinct along Wickham Terrace, which included Ballow Chambers, Inchcolm, Brisbane Clinic (Lister House) and Wickham House. Their construction constituted the second phase (the first being in the 1880s) of the Terrace&#39;s growth as a medical precinct.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Craigston is located on Wickham Terrace, overlooking the city centre, within a precinct associated since the 1880s with Brisbane&#39;s medical profession.</p><br>
<p>It is an eight-storeyed building with a sub-floor, rooftop garden, and viewing tower, and is constructed of rendered brick with a steel-reinforced concrete frame.</p><br>
<p>The design is Spanish Mission style, with an arched entry, arched windows and a decorative parapet at penthouse level, and a corner tower with a terracotta tiled roof.</p><br>
<p>Apart from a sympathetic enclosing of the balconies, the exterior of the building is intact.</p><br>
<p>Professional suites occupy the ground and sub-floors, with the remaining levels providing residential accommodation. Apart from the sixth level, which has always accommodated two apartments, each of the residential levels originally contained one spacious flat with central arrival hall, servants&#39; rooms in the back western corner and family living in the L-shape. Most of the flats have been subdivided since, with apartments currently numbering twelve.</p><br>
<p>The block is serviced by a central elevator, dumb waiter and common L-shaped hallways, which are lined with dark-stained silky oak dado panelling. Access to the professional suites is via the front entrance, with a separate side entry (at the southwest end of the hallway) reserved for the use of residents.</p><br>
<p>Several small garden beds with edgings of Brisbane tuff have been established at the front and along the south-western side of the building.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Craigston was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>As Brisbanes first multi-storeyed apartment block, Craigston is important in demonstrating the evolution of Queenslands history, in particular of multi-storeyed developments in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>As Brisbanes first purpose built medical office block to provide residential accommodation for its professional tenants, Craigston is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queenslands history, in particular the development of Wickham Terrace as a medical precinct.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>As a prominent Brisbane example, Craigston is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of the application of the Spanish Mission style to a multi-storeyed building.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Craigston is important in exhibiting a range of aesthetic characteristics valued by the Brisbane community, in particular its contribution to the Wickham Terrace streetscape and the Brisbane townscape.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>Craigston is important in demonstrating a high degree of technical achievement as possibly the first use of a reinforced concrete frame in a multi-storeyed building in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Craigston has a special association with Brisbane builder and engineer Walter Taylor as a major example of his work and with Brisbane architectural firm Atkinson and Conrad as a prominent example of the firm&#39;s work, in particular their application of the Spanish Mission style.</p><br>
<p>Annerley Army Reserve Depot is a heritage-listed barracks at 158 Dudley Street, Annerley, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1914 to 1954. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 February 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The drill halls at Annerley were constructed in 1914 and 1954 to designs prepared by the Office of Queensland Government Architect, Department of Public Works.</p><br>
<p>Volunteer military forces have played a central role in the organisation of the defence of Queensland. Volunteer units were formed from 1860 onwards and regular training camps were organised as citizen soldiers became the foundation of the State&#39;s defence. The first Easter encampment of the Queensland Volunteer Force was held at Toowoomba in 1875. These camps were held so that the various individual groups could train in larger numbers, a necessary requirement if they were to be an effective fighting force in the event of war.</p><br>
<p>A series of war scares in the late 1870s and an official survey of the colonys defences prepared by two military officers from England forced changes to Queenslands colonial defences. In 1884, the Defence Act was passed, completely reorganising the defence of the colony. The volunteer system was continued but augmented, with the establishment of the first permanent local force in Queensland. The permanent force included paid militia and volunteer units forces, as well as members of the Police Force Rifle Clubs. After the passing of the 1884 defence act the government authorised the construction of a large number of drill halls around the colony. Many were built in the suburbs of Brisbane, and in the major towns such as Ipswich, Warwick, Gympie, Rockhampton, Mackay, Townsville and Cairns. Approximately 30 halls were constructed after 1884 and towards the turn of the century for the militia units.</p><br>
<p>In 1901, the new Commonwealth Of Australia was formed. The Commonwealth government thereafter assumed control of a number of formerly colonial responsibilities, including defence. An amendment to the Defence Act provided for compulsory drilling for boys aged twelve to eighteen and annual training for youths aged eighteen to twenty. The amendment was implemented in 1911 The initial training groups in 1911 numbered over 90,000 youths and the size of the defence grew from 23,506 in 1910 to 60,972 in 1915.</p><br>
<p>The Department of the Army responded to these changes by providing appropriate facilities for the compulsory militia force. Drill halls had been built in Brisbane in the late 19th century, including one in Alice Street and another in Adelaide Street. Following the national growth, drill halls and parade grounds were built all over Queensland. Drill Halls were built to a standard design in central locations to provide the organisational structure and all weather sites for militia and cadet training. The Commonwealth entered into an arrangement with the states in this early period of Federation whereby the Commonwealth paid for the construction and maintenance of their buildings but the state&#39;s architects did the work.</p><br>
<p>In Queensland, the design and construction of this new batch of drill halls was undertaken by the Department of Public Works. This generation of drill halls followed the basic form of those constructed in the 19th century period. Most known examples are timber framed and sheeted with corrugated iron. Most 19th century drill halls had curved, iron framed roofs, a design unique to Queensland. Those constructed for World War I broke with this tradition, with timber framed gabled roofs and were constructed of corrugated iron. Head Commonwealth architect, John Smith Murdoch observed in 1915:</p><br>
<p>"... the Minister of Defence laid down the principle that we were to put the cost of drill halls down to bedrock, there being so many required; and those drill halls are made of wood and iron and are found good enough..."</p><br>
<p>The Commandant of the first military district applied for suitable land to the Stephens Shire Council from late 1912 to early 1913, but was rejected on both occasions. William Stephens, son of Thomas Blacket Stephens, a Councillor with the Stephens Shire Council, offered 2.7 acres of his own land in Dudley Street for the purpose. When it was inspected, the land was found to be in a well-elevated position within easy distance of the Ipswich Road Tramway Terminus. The land was a treeless, grassed slope, without any improvements apart from a barbed wire fence around the perimeter. The Commandant recommended the land for purchase and a price of £519 was settled between the vendor and the commonwealth.</p><br>
<p>The first drill hall constructed on the Annerley site, known as the Junction Park Drill Hall, was constructed in 1914 to a design by the Office of Public Works signed by Alfred Barton Brady. Tenders were called on 24 February 1914. The cost of construction was £1625. In the Annual Report for the Public Works Department for 1915–16, works conducted to the Junction Park Drill Hall included the addition of drainage and furniture at a cost of £35/5/0. The drill hall was built in the south eastern corner of the site facing Dudley Street. Typical of drill halls at the time, the Annerley building was simple in form. It comprised a meeting hall, covered so that night time drilling could occur, with offices for each of the companies assigned to Annerley.</p><br>
<p>The site became the headquarters and offices of the 2nd Brigade Area and Machine Gun Section 2nd Light Horse, Headquarters Machine Gun Section and two companies of the Ninth Infantry, area office and store 9A and for two companies of cadets. In addition to these companies, the 3rd AMC (Field Ambulance) and the 34th AMC (Company) were also placed at the site.</p><br>
<p>By 1947, a number of outbuildings had been added to the site including, toilets and showers, a kitchen and an officer&#39;s mess. During World War II, encampments for personnel of the Australian and United States armed forces were placed wherever space could be provided. Training depots like the one at Annerley provided a range of facilities for the garrison troops. Construction of drill halls ceased at the end of World War I. By the mid-1930s, the political situation in Europe began to worsen and there was a revival of citizen forces. Following the Second World War, the Australian defence forces had a major overhaul. The existing situation, where a small core of professional officers was supplemented by a volunteer force, was deemed unsatisfactory for the national force. In September 1947, the Australian Regular Army was created as a body of full-time professional soldiers. The Australian Military Forces, the existing organisation of part-time soldiers, was retained but renamed the Citizens Military Forces (CMF). The National Service Scheme, requiring all 18-year-old males to register for one year of military service and further part-time service, was introduced in 1951. This ensured that the number of participants in the CMF would grow. At this time, the Annerley site was renamed the Annerley CMF Training Depot. The army needed new or upgraded facilities to cater for these major changes. Resources were generally directed to facilities for the regular army and very few drill halls were constructed in the 1950s. Only six were built in Queensland at this time, one of which was the drill hall at Annerley (1954).</p><br>
<p>Plans to upgrade the Annerley facility were drawn up in 1953. The 1952–53 Works Program allocated £20,000 for the first phase of redevelopment of the CMF training depot at Annerley. Plans included designs for a multi-purpose drill hall with company stores and offices and an attached annexe for showers and latrines and quartermasters store. The siting of the building on the western boundary of the land allowed a metalled parade ground to be prepared between the original drill hall and the modern one. In 1964, additional accommodation for officers was added by creating a mezzanine floor in the drill hall space. The mezzanine floor included extra offices, a theatrette, a lecture room and officers and sergeants&#39; messes.</p><br>
<p>The place is no longer owned by the Department of Defence. In 2004 the Queensland Heritage Council approved the adaptive reuse of the place for residential purposes, including subdivision, constructions of new dwellings and demolition of ancillary structures.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The rectangular site has a long frontage to Dudley Street to the south, with a wide, gated entrance through the galvanised pipe and chain wire fence. To the east the site is bounded by Linville Lane. The principal buildings on the site are the two drill halls – constructed in 1914 and 1954.</p><br>
<p>The 1914 drill hall is generally similar to others built around the same time in Queensland, such as those at Roma and Ayr. It is a simple gable roofed building enclosing a single large space. Small offices are ranged along the east of the large space.</p><br>
<p>The building is framed with timber, with corrugated galvanised iron sheeting and timber boarded lining. The corrugated iron roof is supported by timber and angled steel trusses. A ventilator, covered with curved corrugated sheeting, runs the full length of the ridge. The timber floor is raised a short distance from the ground. The windows are predominantly double hung timber sashes.</p><br>
<p>The standard plan of the drill hall has only been slightly modified. The principal alterations to the building include the addition of a verandah with flanking enclosures at the south end, forming an entrance porch facing Dudley Street. This addition was placed by 1935. A small skillion roofed annexe in the middle of the west wall after 1935.</p><br>
<p>The 1954 drill hall building consists of two sections – the drill hall to the north and a wing to the south containing bathrooms, toilets and stores, including the armoury, located in the south east corner of the building. In place above some doors in the southern section of the building are original timber signage. A substantial brick-walled foyer links the two sections. Double timber glazed doors are located at either end of the foyer. The floor is timber laid over concrete – a standard feature of drill hall design during the period. Along the western elevation (rear) of the building, the joinery is steel and in the eastern elevation, facing the parade ground, the joinery is timber.</p><br>
<p>The northern section, as first built, contained a large tall space about 37 metres long and 15 metres wide. Six large roller doors open out on the eastern side onto the parade ground. Smaller offices range along the north and west of the hall. In 1964, a mezzanine floor, covering more than half the floor area of the drill hall, was added. On the mezzanine are former offices, messes, a lecture room and a theatrette.</p><br>
<p>Other buildings on the site include the a toilet block (1913) with a gable roof and clad with corrugated iron. A second brick toilet block, kitchen and shower block is located along the Linville Lane side of the property. Also located in the north-eastern corner of the site include a small brick building which originally stored inflammable liquid and a demountable building. A large skillion roofed shed sheeted with ribbed colourbond metal, with a roller shutter door is located along the Waldheim Street side to the north of the parade ground.</p><br>
<p>An open bitumen sealed parade ground is in the centre of the site, with the various buildings arranged around three of its perimeters. On the south, the parade ground is separated from the street by a belt of mature camphor laurel trees. Other mature trees include a mango in the north east corner and a jacaranda in the south east. The site has been cut to form the level parade ground, and there are battered retaining walls to the north and east.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Annerley Army Reserve Depot was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 February 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Annerley Army Reserve Depot is significant in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history as the drill halls (1914 and 1954) located on the site are good, intact, surviving examples of their respective type and period and demonstrate the development of the site as a militia training depot, following the amendments to the Defence Act. A number of drill halls were built in Queensland, and around Australia in the period 1911–1916, in order to provide facilities for the increased number of new conscripts. The original drill hall (1914), which retains its early form, demonstrates the establishment of compulsory militia force in Australia in 1911. This scheme is visible in the fabric and layout of the drill hall and the parade ground.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the second drill hall in 1954 is associated with the reorganisation of Australian voluntary forces into the Citizen Military Forces (CMF), following World War II, and demonstrates the reaction of the Australian Department of Defence to the Cold War of the early 1950s.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Annerley Army Reserve Depot is significant in that the place demonstrates a continuity of military use from pre-World War I to the late 1990s. The combination of World War I and post-World War II drill halls located at the same site is significant for its rarity in Australia and particularly in Queensland. Together, the 1913 and the 1954 drill halls demonstrate the continued use of a standard drill hall design in Australia, often modified only slightly, for over 100 years.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The two main buildings on the site are significant as good, intact examples of the types of drill halls built by the commonwealth government during their respective periods of construction. In the 1914 drill hall, the use of corrugated iron and timber was in response to a need for the buildings to be constructed efficiently and economically. Two standard designs were used, only varying in size.</p><br>
<p>The 1914 building is one of six that survive in Queensland, the others being located at Toowoomba (relocated), Albion, Kelvin Grove (ex-Toowong), Maryborough and Rockhampton (ex-Mt Morgan). These buildings were all to a standard design with offices running down one side, clad in corrugated galvanised iron with open angle steel roof trusses and pivoting timber windows and timber floors.</p><br>
<p>The Annerley building is unusual as it has eight bays. It is significant as an example of one of the larger types of drill halls found in Australia. Drill halls from the mid-1950s period were constructed to a standard design with some variations in each state relating to configuration and materials.</p><br>
<p>The associated outbuildings on the site, including a kitchen, showers and latrines and various storage facilities provide further evidence of the use of the site and the manner in which the participants spent time in the compound.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Until recently, the Australian Army has continuously used the site since the early 20th century. Whilst the numbers of servicemen and women who may have visited and trained at the site cannot be ascertained, their association with the depot is certain.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Until recently, the Australian Army has continuously used the site since the early 20th century. Whilst the numbers of servicemen and women who may have visited and trained at the site cannot be ascertained, their association with the depot is certain.</p><br>
<p>Stones Corner Air Raid Shelter is a heritage-listed former air raid shelter at 286 Logan Road, Stones Corner, Greenslopes, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Frank Gibson Costello and built by Brisbane City Council. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 April 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Brisbane City Council built the concrete shelter at Stones Corner as an air raid shelter in 1942.</p><br>
<p>On 7 December 1941, the United States of America entered World War Two following the bombing of the American fleet at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii by Japanese carrier-borne aircraft. England and its Commonwealth had been at war with Germany since September 1939, but now the war was truly global. The Japanese first bombed Darwin on 19 February 1942 and 14,000 Australians were taken prisoner following the fall of Singapore. Plans to defend Australia from an anticipated Japanese invasion and to use Queensland as a support base for the conduct of the Pacific war were implemented quickly. Australian and American personnel poured into Queensland and urgently required a wide range of new buildings and facilities.</p><br>
<p>The population of Brisbane swelled dramatically. As it was the major city in Queensland, and the most northerly major population centre in Australia, military planning headquarters were set up in Brisbane, as were a number of important maintenance, communication, and supply facilities. General Douglas MacArthur, Commander in Chief of the Allied Forces, Southwest Pacific, was based in the AMP building at the corner of Queen Street and Edward Street in Brisbane, and General Sir Thomas Blamey, Commander in Chief of the Australian Forces, used the recently constructed University of Queensland buildings at St Lucia. Brisbane was obviously a strategic target for bombing, and rapid action had to be taken to protect the population in the event of air raids.</p><br>
<p>The demand on materials, services and labour was enormous and military projects took precedence in their allocation. Heavy Anti-Aircraft batteries were built at Victoria Park, Hendra, Pinkenba, Fort Lytton, Hemmant and Balmoral, and coastal artillery batteries were established on Bribie and Moreton Islands. Before the war, Queensland had a small population and no heavy manufacturing industries. To help overcome these problems, some buildings were prefabricated and standard designs for many structures were used. Designs took into account the scarcity of skilled labour and of some materials.</p><br>
<p>The Brisbane City Council took responsibility for Air Raid Precautions activities, including establishing an Air Raid Warden system, firefighting systems and constructing air raid shelters. Aboveground salt water pipes were laid along city streets to aid in firefighting. On Christmas Eve, 1941, each Australian State&#39;s Emergency Committee issued instructions for government, private employers and private households to immediately start building shelters. Slit trenches were built in parks and schoolyards, windows were taped, and brownouts were applied to buildings.</p><br>
<p>In the Protection of Persons and Property Order No.1, gazetted 23 December 1941, Premier William Forgan Smith, with powers conferred by Regulation 35a, National Security (General) Regulations, ordered the Brisbane City Council to construct 200 public surface shelters in the city area. Work had already started on 15 December, and later another 75 shelters were ordered. However, only 235 air raid shelters were constructed, the building programme being 90% complete by June 1942. In addition, around three kilometres of covered trenches were constructed in public parks, in 13 projects, including 315 metres of concrete-pipe covered trench in the City Botanic Gardens, and 150m of the same in Victoria Park. It was believed that one person could be accommodated by each foot of trench. In addition to the public shelters, the Brisbane City Council also constructed shelters for leased wharves and council properties, including at the Stanley Wharf, Circular Quay Wharves 2,3 and 4, Norman Wharf, and Musgrave Wharf. Shelters were built under the Story Bridge, for Kangaroo Point shipbuilding workers, and five shelters were constructed on behalf of the Bureau of Industry at the Howard Smith Wharves.</p><br>
<p>The Protection of Persons and Property Order No.1 was applied statewide, and outside Brisbane another 24 Local Authorities in Queenslands coastal areas were ordered to produce surface or trench shelters for the public, to be built according to the Air Raid Shelter Code laid down in the Second Schedule of Order No.1. Initially, 20 of the Local Authorities were expected to construct a minimum total of 133 surface shelters, which were supposed to be able to withstand the blast of a 500-pound bomb bursting 50 feet away. Four other Local Authorities would only build trenches. However, after plans were amended, 23 Local Authorities outside Brisbane, excluding Thursday Island, ended up possessing a total of 129 public shelters: 123 surface and six underground. This effort had cost £56,596. Where Local Authorities were unwilling or unable to build the required number of code-compliant shelters, in some cases because they had already begun erecting other shelters, the Department of Public Works became responsible for the shelters construction. However, this led to problems when the Department tried to recoup half of the cost from the Local Authorities in question. Townsville, Toowoomba, Gladstone, and Ayr denied any liability for costs, and a Bill had to be passed in December 1942 to force their compliance. The Ayr Shire Council had claimed that the shelters would be death traps during an air raid.</p><br>
<p>Of the 235 surface shelters built in Brisbane for the public, 21 survive and are still owned by the Brisbane City Council. One of the shelters, on Queens Wharf Road, is a site-specific "special" variation of the standard pillbox design. It is listed in the Queensland Heritage Register as part of the entry for the porphyry retaining wall on William Street. The other 20 public shelters owned by the Brisbane City Council can be divided into three types of pillbox intended for conversion after the war: "park", "bus", and "bus (stone)". They were designed to serve as structures such as bus waiting shelters or shade structures for parks, with some or all of the perimeter blast walls to be removed, leaving the concrete slab roof, floor slab and piers. The reusable pillboxes were designed to hold 70 people, as were the non-reusable standard pillboxes.</p><br>
<p>F.G. Costello, Brisbane City Council City Architect between 1941 and 1952, was responsible for the design of the surface air raid shelters, and his variants of the standard pillbox were designed to provide a post-war utility for at least part of the Council&#39;s shelter building programme. In an address delivered to the Constitutional Club in Brisbane on February 1942, Costello noted that "if the emergency for their use does not arise...(unused shelters)... remain in brick and concrete, in many cases having no further value and being a possible source of nuisance". He added that "I can assure you that wherever it is possible, without sacrificing the primary requirements of shelter from air attack, I have endeavoured in our Council buildings to so plan the shelters that they will fit into schemes of improvement which we hope will proceed immediately after the war".</p><br>
<p>Costello&#39;s work was characterised by the use of an architectural language inspired by the modern movement in architecture. This movement pursued the rational use of modern materials and principles of functionalist planning and established a visual aesthetic largely inspired by the machine. It was part of an architecture employing the language of vertical and horizontal volumes and planes, floating flat roofs, masses set against voids and monumentality. Though modest in scale and form, the design of the shelters is characteristic of work in this idiom. The reusable shelters were often sited under fig trees, to aid in camouflage.</p><br>
<p>The first of Costellos reusable designs is the pillbox with double-cantilevered roof slab, or "park" type shelter. In an original list of all the shelters constructed by the Brisbane City Council, these were simply labelled as "cantilever". They had four central piers supporting the roof slab, which allowed for the removal of the four blast walls after the war. There was an entrance at each end of the front wall, where an internal wall extended into the shelter. If the walls were made of brick, the shelters dimension was 409" by 133" by 86" high, and if concrete was used the dimensions were 40 by 126" by 86" high. The difference was due to the fact that the brick walls finished in line with the top of the roof slab, covering the fascia, whereas the concrete walls finished at the soffit of the roof slab, flush with the fascia. The minimum wall thickness for brick was set at 13.5", and 12" for concrete. The roof slab was intended to have at least four inches of concrete.</p><br>
<p>Of the 37 reusable shelters listed as being of the park type only 17 survive: one at Hefferan Park in Annerley; two at Albert Park; two at Wickham Park; one in Buranda Playground in Woolloongabba; two in Raymond Park in Kangaroo Point; and one each at Kelvin Grove, Morningside, Nundah, Stones Corner, and Windsor. Four other shelters stand on East Street and Wickham Street in Fortitude Valley. Most are used as simple park shelters, as intended, but the shelter at Nundah has been modified as a toilet block, and the shelter at Kelvin Grove is used as a bus shelter (as distinct from those shelters in the next category, which were specifically designed as "bus" type shelters). About half of the surviving park shelters had concrete blast walls, while half used brick.</p><br>
<p>The second design was the pillbox with single-cantilevered roof slab, or "bus" type shelter, as it was called in the original Brisbane City Council list. These were designed so that the three brick blast walls could be removed after the war, leaving a concrete back wall and five brick piers at the front. Again, entrances were at each end of the front wall. Of the 19 "bus" types listed only two survive, at Newmarket and Newstead.</p><br>
<p>The third design was also a "bus" type shelter, but it was built with a stone rear wall, instead of concrete, and six stone piers were later added, instead of five brick piers. The three brick blast walls could be removed as normal. Two of these "colonnade" types were built-referred to in the Brisbane City Council list as "bus (stone)" and only one survives, at King Edward Park.</p><br>
<p>Most of the Brisbane structures built for the war were removed at the end of World War Two. The saltwater mains, slit trenches, and sirens disappeared, as did the many standard pillboxes that had stood in the middle of the streets of the Central Business District. 156 standard pillboxes were built, but none of the surviving public shelters in Brisbane City Council ownership are of that design. Of the 21 special shelters, only the one on Queens Wharf Road survives. However, of Costellos 58 reusable public surface shelters, 20 have survived; the removal of their blast walls, as planned, had given them a renewed purpose. The workers shelters at the Story Bridge Hotel and Howard Smith Wharves also still exist.</p><br>
<p>The blast walls of the air raid shelter at Stones Corner were removed according to plan after World War Two, although evidence of the location of the walls is still visible. The shelter has been painted and seating and a rubbish bin have been added.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Stones Corner air raid shelter is a rectangular concrete structure comprising a heavy floor slab and a flat roof supported by concrete piers. The floor, piers and ceiling of the shelter have been painted cream. The shelter stands under the canopy of a mature fig tree and two seats and a rubbish bin have been bolted to the floor slab. Part of the floor slab has been cut into on the Logan Road side. There is evidence of two entrances on the southern side of the soffit. The shelter stands in the forecourt of the Stones Corner Library.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Stones Corner Air Raid Shelter was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 April 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Stones Corner air raid shelter is important as a part of the Air Raid Precaution activities that were implemented for the defence of Brisbane during World War Two. Designed to afford protection to the civilian population of Brisbane in the event of air raid attacks or other emergencies, the air raid shelter located on Logan Road/Old Cleveland Road is important in demonstrating the impact of World War Two on the civilian population of Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Although many air raid shelters were constructed during World War Two in Queensland, comparatively few survive. Also, there are not many types of structures built by the Brisbane City Council during World War Two, for wartime purposes, which survive.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The shelter&#39;s solid construction, rectangular shape, and its siting near a population concentration, demonstrate the principal characteristics of a World War Two Brisbane public air raid shelter.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The Stones Corner air raid shelter, now used as a seating refuge near a bus stop, demonstrates the secondary uses that were part of the original design intention. The shelter is a durable example of innovative design and use of concrete technology during World War Two.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The air raid shelter is important as an example of the wartime work of the City Architect&#39;s Office and particularly the work of City Architect F.G. Costello.</p><br>
<p>The Bressmer-Baker House is a historic house located at 913 6th Street in Springfield, Illinois. Hiram Walker built the original house in 1853. Two years later, Walker sold the house to merchant John Bressmer, who commissioned architect Thomas Dennis to redesign it. After several changes in ownership, businessman William B. Baker purchased the house in 1889. Baker hired Charles Wesley Shinn to once again redesign the house; Shinns Queen Anne design has survived through the present day. Shinn added the copper-domed turret which projects from the southeast corner of the house; the turret is the only one of its kind in Springfield. Other significant features of Shinns design include the irregular plan, the assortment of exterior materials, the varied gables, and the tall chimneys.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 29, 1982.</p><br>
<p>Coorparoo Substation No. 210 is a heritage-listed electrical substation at 12 Main Avenue, Coorparoo, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Reyburn Jameson and built in 1930 by A. Mason. It is also known as Substation 10. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 1 August 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former BCC Coorparoo Substation No. 210 is located on Main Street, Coorparoo, at the southeast corner of Langlands Park, next to the Buranda Bowls Club. The small, one storey concrete block and brick utility building was designed by the City Architects Office and was commissioned in 1930. It supplied the areas series street lighting system until some time before 1977.</p><br>
<p>The history of electricity supply and distribution began in Brisbane in 1882, with the demonstration of eight arc light street lamps, which were powered by J.W. Sutton and Company&#39;s steam engine, housed in Adelaide Street. The first electricity generating and distribution systems to supply private consumers had started operation in Great Britain and the United States in the same year.</p><br>
<p>In 1887 the company Barton and White was formed, and in 1888 it had a powerhouse operating in Edison Lane, behind the General Post Office, the latter becoming the first consumer to be supplied by an electrical supply undertaking in Australia. Barton and Whites Direct Current (DC) dynamo produced 100 volts to power the post offices arc lights. By 1896 Barton and White had become the Brisbane Electric Supply Company. In 1904 the latter became the City Electric Light Company (CEL). After the closure of the powerhouse at Edison Lane in 1899, CEL operated a powerhouse at 69 Ann Street until 1915, and another in William Street from 1912 to 1930.</p><br>
<p>In 1893 Thargomindah was the first town in Queensland, outside Brisbane, to have an electrical supply. It was also the first town in Australia to use municipally owned electric streetlights, and the first to have a hydroelectric plant, supplied by an Electric Authority. Charters Towers&#39; electrification followed in 1897, with Rockhampton in 1898, and Toowoomba in 1905. By 1914, six towns outside Brisbane had electricity.</p><br>
<p>Brisbanes first electric trams ran in 1897, and the Brisbane Tramways Company operated a power station at Countess Street between 1896 and 1929. The power station produced 600 volt DC, which was only useful for short distance transmission. As the tram routes expanded, it became necessary to build a power station at Light Street, Fortitude Valley (1913), and one at Logan Road, Woolloongabba (1915). Some businesses sited alongside the tram routes drew electricity from the tramways DC mains. In 1922 the Brisbane Tramways Trust took over the network, and in 1925 the tramways were transferred to the new Greater Brisbane Council. At this time there were four power stations in Brisbane: the three tramways power stations, and CEL&#39;s Williams Street power station.</p><br>
<p>The three power stations that the BCC had inherited were having difficulty coping with supplying both the expanding tramways, and the suburbs of Ithaca and Toowong. Other pre-amalgamation local authorities had purchased their electricity in bulk from CEL, under ten-year agreements, and the last of those agreements did not expire until 1935. Until then the BCC had to continue to purchase electricity for the areas concerned from CEL, which refused to sell its assets at a price agreeable to the BCC. CEL built the Bulimba power station in 1926, and continued to supply the central city and South Brisbane after 1935.</p><br>
<p>In 1925 the Brisbane City Council was faced with an obsolete electricity network, and decided that it needed to upgrade its own generation capacity and infrastructure. This led to rapid expansion in the late 1920s, as a co-ordinated, uniform distribution system was developed. The BCC encouraged the public to connect to existing supply lines, and promoted electrical appliances at its own showrooms. After the New Farm power station became operational in June 1928, under the BCC Tramways Department, the three obsolete power stations were closed.</p><br>
<p>The New Farm power station delivered 11,000 volt (11kV) AC to the main control substations of the Tramways Department and the ESD, via underground, paper-insulated, lead-covered, double-wire cables. Eleven tramway substations were commissioned between 1927 and 1939, including a main control substation at Ballow Street. The other stations were automated. Roy Rusden Ogg, the BCC Tramways Department&#39;s architect, designed all eleven tramway substations, which were built as large brick boxes, in an austere classical idiom. Transformers in the substations reduced the incoming voltage, while converters changed the current from AC to DC, supplying 600 volt DC to the tramways system.</p><br>
<p>Alternating Current could be easily converted from one voltage to another by transformers, which made for economic long-distance transmission. High voltage (low current) could be sent by thin wires, instead of thick copper cables, and could then be "stepped down" at load centres, to 415 volts, three phase, or 250 volts, single phase, for consumers. The adoption of AC thus enabled the electrification of large urban areas, and eliminated the need for multiple local power plants. The system of BCC substations built in the late 1920s and 1930s demonstrates this shift to AC distribution, which was an important step in the modernisation of Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, Queensland&#39;s rural electrification, despite its promising start, was lagging behind the other States. In 1936 the Royal Commission On Electricity reported that, in units generated per head of population, Queensland ranked last in Australia. By 1936 there were 62 Electricity undertakings in Queensland. Of these, 51 generated power and 41 were local authorities. Production was heavily tilted in favour of Brisbane. The BCC had an installed capacity for generating 56,250 kilowatts (New Farm), and CEL could generate 37,500 Kilowatts (Bulimba). Cairns ranked next, at 4,400 kilowatts, followed by Townsville at 3,810 kilowatts, and Toowoomba at 2,400 kilowatts. Of the 152,000,000 units of electricity used in Queensland in 1935, only 30,000,000 units were used outside South East Queensland.</p><br>
<p>In Brisbane, as each local authoritys ten-year agreement with CEL expired, that areas public electricity supply was sourced from New Farm, via ESD substations. The main transmission system carried 11kV AC from New Farm to the main control substations, which were built in a distribution loop. Four 11kV main control substations were built by the BCC in 1928: Victoria Park (No.4), Lang Park (No.6), Victoria street Woolloongabba (No.9), and Cairns Street, Kangaroo Point (No.11). By 1930, Balmoral (No.12), Stephens (No.13), and Hamilton (No. 5) had been added. They were all made of brick, and were designed to harmonise with existing residential buildings. One 5kV main control substation was also in ESD operation in 1930. Underground cables linked the main control substations to automated substations, the distribution being controlled from a room in City Hall.</p><br>
<p>Coorparoo Shires electricity supply agreement with CEL ended in 1930, as did the agreements with the Balmoral, Hamilton and Stephens Shires. Coorparoos first subdivision had occurred in 1882, horse trams reached Buranda in 1887, and the Shire of Coorparoo was formed in 1888. In 1889 there were 2500 people in area, but the 1893 flood slowed development and reduced the number of houses in Coorparoo. By 1900 the settlement was dense from Stones Corner to Kirkland Avenue, but was otherwise bush and farmhouses. The electric tramway reached Stones Corner in 1902, and Coorparoo Junction in 1915, which fuelled suburban expansion. House numbers doubled in ten years, from 1911 to 1921.</p><br>
<p>The decision to gradually change Brisbanes street lighting to the series system was taken in 1927, and the BCC decided to switch Balmoral and Coorparoos street lighting to the series system in May 1930. In a parallel circuit system, each item receives its own full voltage from the power supply, but in the series system the current flows through each item in turn, in a loop from the power source. A series street lighting circuit usually consisted of about 100 lamps, and required a minimum of 2000 volts. If more lamps were added, a higher voltage was required to maintain the necessary current. If a lamp burnt out, two metal disks would carry the current and maintain the circuit. Incandescent street lights had become economically practical by 1917, and Brisbane developed its street lighting system using incandescent lamps, in series. The only other towns to use the series system for street lighting, since they had AC generators, were Maryborough, Mackay, Townsville and Cairns. Other towns used incandescent lights on the parallel system.</p><br>
<p>The substation on Main Avenue, Coorparoo, was seen as the initial step towards controlling the whole of the street lighting system on the south side of the Brisbane River from one source. Tenders were offered in August 1930, and A. Mason was accepted. The City Architects Office drew up the plans. The City Architect at the time was Alfred Herbert Foster, but assistant architect Rayburn Jameson signed the plans for the Coorparoo substation. Its use of 200mm concrete blocks was unusual for City Architects Office designs of the time, and it was the only pre-World War II Brisbane substation to be built of such materials. The substation&#39;s brick infill panels are for decorative purposes only.</p><br>
<p>The Coorparoo substation was unmanned, and was equipped with an 11kV Oil Circuit Breaker. This was operated by a time switch, fitted with an Astronomic Dial calibrated to suit seasonal variations in sunrise and sunset. The main control substation at Woolloongabba supplied power at 11kV, which was stepped down to 5kV at Coorparoo, and fed to a bank of constant current transformers. High and low venting in the substation dissipated the heat generated by the equipment. Initially numbered as ESD substation No.10, it was renumbered as No. 210 when all substations in Brisbane were transferred to the BCC in 1963. To avoid any duplication of numbering, all existing BCC stations were prefixed with the number "2" at this time. Prior to the Coorparoo substation&#39;s construction, the ESD had three 5kV Public Lighting Substation buildings, and 11 public lighting substations on poles (seven 5kV and four 11kV). Coorparoo Substation No. 210 was the first BCC 11kV public lighting substation building. By 1940, there were three such buildings.</p><br>
<p>In 1949 CEL started constructing the Bulimba B power station, and the BCC started work on a power station at Tennyson. The new stations were commissioned in 1953 and 1955 respectively. When CEL became the Southern Electric Authority (SEA) in 1953, the BCC continued to run the New Farm and Tennyson power stations, and distributed power to the city, whereas the SEA sold power to the BCC, and distributed outside Brisbane. The New Farm power station was transferred to the SEA in 1963, while all substations were handed over to the BCC in same year. From 1963 onwards, the BCC only distributed power, which was purchased from the SEA. The year 1969 witnessed the disbandment of the tramways system, and the New Farm power station was decommissioned in 1971. On 1 July 1977, the South East Queensland Electricity Board (SEQEB) took over distribution of power in Brisbane, and the BCC&#39;s Department of Electricity disappeared.</p><br>
<p>The series system of street lighting was being replaced with the parallel system by the 1960s. In 1970–71 there were 3135 lamps in series, and 33,951 in parallel. Since the final annual report of the BCC&#39;s Department of Electricity, 1976–77, noted that the last of the series system street lighting substations had been disconnected and dismantled during the year, Coorparoo Substation No. 210 would have been disconnected before or during 1977. For a period, the building was leased by the Buranda Bowls Club and used for storage, but it is currently empty.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Coorparoo Substation No.210 faces Main Avenue. A pedestrian gate on the south side of the substation allows access to the clubrooms of the Buranda Bowls Club. The modern clubrooms occupy most of the lot on which the substation stands. The bowling club grounds surround the substation to the west and north, and palm trees screen the north side of the substation.</p><br>
<p>The modest, freestanding single-storey pavilion is constructed of 200mm cement blocks, painted white, with recessed infill panels of colonial-bond red brick. It stands on a plinth of rusticated concrete blocks, and on the street elevation the concrete floor is 600mm above ground level. The timber-framed hipped roof is clad in corrugated iron, and is truncated on the street elevation by a curved Flemish-influenced gable. Insulators protrude from the upper centre of the gable screen, and two conduit holes remain on the north side of the street elevation. Underneath the gable screen is a steel roller door, inset with a smaller door, or "wicket". Crude timber stairs have been added in front of the wicket. To each side of the roller door there is a metal-framed six-pane obscure wire-glass window, set within a recessed brick panel. The lettering "Sub-Station 210", embellished with a decorative moulded scroll and a plaque on each side, is applied in a band above the roller door.</p><br>
<p>The north and south elevations have no windows, and two recessed brick panels each. The western elevation has two recessed brick panels, each containing a six-pane obscure wire-glass window. Ventilation is provided by terracotta vents at floor level on the north and south elevations, and by meshed gaps between the top of the walls and the eaves, on three sides. Surface drains run around the base of the building.</p><br>
<p>The interior is a single volume, unceiled, and lined with a cement-plastered brick. There are the remains of fixtures and machinery mountings on the walls and floor, along with input and output cable connection points. There is a manhole near the roller door, and some hairline cracking in the wall render.</p><br>
<p>The timber stairs to the wicket in the roller door, and the garden beds on the west and north sides of the substation are not of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Coorparoo Substation No. 210 was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 1 August 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Coorparoo Substation No. 210 was part of an integrated network of structures involved in the Brisbane City Councils modernisation of electricity supply in Brisbane in the late 1920s, and 1930s. The reorganisation incorporated the latest developments in the technology of Alternating Current (AC) generation and distribution, which enhanced domestic lifestyles, spurred business development, and aided the expansion of tram routes. The locations chosen for substations also serve as indicators of the main electricity load centres of Brisbane prior to World War II. Coorparoo Substation No. 210 was Brisbanes first 11,000 volt street lighting substation building, and it demonstrates Brisbane&#39;s use of the series system for street lighting, which was abandoned in the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It was rare for the City Architect&#39;s Office to use 200mm concrete blocks in the construction of utilities structures in the 1920s and 1930s. In addition, only three 11,000-volt street lighting substations had been built by 1940, and of the three, only Coorparoo remains in Brisbane City Council (BCC) ownership.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>As part of a distinctive group of civic utility structures, Coorparoo Substation No. 210 demonstrates the characteristics of a small-scale, robust, masonry substation of the interwar period. Its open internal volume, venting, and roller door are standard features in buildings designed to contain electrical equipment.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The substation has a landmark quality due to its picturesque design, which was the result of a decision by the City Architect of the period, A.H. Foster, to limit the visual impact of Electrical Supply Department (ESD) substations in residential areas by drawing on contemporary domestic architecture. The small industrial building reflects the prestige that the BCC associated with its electrification drive of the late 1920s and 1930s</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The substation is strongly associated with the BCC, especially its City Architects Office, and the ESD, which attempted to rationalise Brisbanes electricity supply after the creation of the Greater Brisbane Council in 1925.</p><br>
<p>Coorparoo School of Arts and RSL Memorial Hall is a heritage-listed school of arts at 208 Cavendish Road, Coorparoo, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1892 to 1953. It is also known as Coorparoo School of Arts and Coorparoo Shire Hall. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 January 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Coorparoo School of Arts and RSL Memorial Hall was constructed in 1892 for the Coorparoo Shire Council. The Council remained in the building until October 1925, when amalgamation of local governments occurred and Greater Brisbane was created. Since 1925, it has been used as a School of Arts.</p><br>
<p>The Divisional Boards Act 1879 established 74 local authorities in Queensland with Coorparoo administered as Subdivision 3 of the Bulimba Divisional Board. Primary concerns of the board included the maintenance and improvement of roads and bridges, the Bulimba ferry and water supply to river villages. In 1888 Coorparoo was represented on the Bulimba Divisional Board by Frederick Thomas Brentnall, Frederick Wecker and John Douglas. These men, along with other Coorparoo residents, claimed that more could be accomplished for the locality. They resigned from the Board and led demands for the creation of the Coorparoo Shire. The Shire of Coorparoo was proclaimed on 27 October 1888.</p><br>
<p>By 1892 the Councillors decided that a Shire Hall was a necessity. Two allotments on the corner of Cavendish Road and Council (now Halstead) streets were purchased. Henry Wallace Atkinson, a local architect, designed the Hall and it was built by a Mr Allibone at a cost of £514, plus £78 for architect&#39;s fees and £14 for seating. The Council moved in on 7 October 1892.</p><br>
<p>Constructed with gas fittings for six lamps, the Hall was the first gas lit building in the Shire, further, the first telephone in the district was installed on 1 November 1892. The Hall was hired out as a social club and played an important role in the social life of the district. The Roll of Honour was unveiled by James Stodart, Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly for Logan on 24 June 1916. The honour board is dedicated to the men and women of the District who served in the World War I.</p><br>
<p>With the amalgamation of local government authorities and the establishment of Greater Brisbane in 1925, a new use was sought for the shire hall. Local residents organised to form a School of Arts committee and, in 1928, the Trustees of the School of Arts contracted to pay the Greater Brisbane City Council £1000.</p><br>
<p>In 1930 the Trustees accepted the offer of the Avondale Lodge to build a side verandah on the north-west elevation. The Trustees paid £200 for the fabric. The new wing was officially opened by Trustee and politician Reginald King, the Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly for Logan on 19 July 1930. In 1938, the stage was removed providing more space in the Hall and a small stage was constructed at the rear.</p><br>
<p>In 1946, the Brisbane City Council began asking for payment of £750 which was owing on the purchase price of the hall, the alternative was to hand in the Hall&#39;s keys. Revenue was raised through a variety of activities, including renting the hall to the Coorparoo Kindergarten, and by 1948 the fund stood at over £550. It was also at this time that the Coorparoo RSSAILA suggested that they take over the Hall and its debts. Solicitor King drew up a new constitution for the two groups and in April 1956, the Minister of Public Lands and Crown Law Office approved the amalgamation and constitution. The Hall was subsequently renamed the Coorparoo School of Arts and RSL Memorial Hall.</p><br>
<p>The brick and stucco additions as the front of the Hall were initially rejected at a meeting of the School of Arts committee in December 1951, however, by July 1953, the Trustees honorary architect, Eric Percival Trewern, had drawn up plans and specifications and called for tenders. Builder AA Locks tender for £777 was accepted.</p><br>
<p>Coorparoo School of Arts and RSL Memorial Hall continues to be used extensively by the community.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Coorparoo School of Arts and RSL Memorial Hall is a single storey timber building, with concrete stumps and a corrugated iron roof, located on the corner of Cavendish Road and Halstead Street, Coorparoo.</p><br>
<p>The form of the 1892 Hall is still intact with the main hall to the rear of the building and administration rooms to the front. Later additions and extensions include the building of the verandah in the 1930s, extensions to the eastern, or rear facade in 1938, the brick addition to the front facade in the 1950s and the strong room extension to the southern facade.</p><br>
<p>The Cavendish Road, or western elevation, is symmetrical with projecting porches under separate gabled roofs. Double hung sash windows with window hoods are located along the elevation. Decorative timber brackets form part of the window hoods. The 1950s brick extension is centrally located between the two projecting porches. At the top of the brick facade an inscription reads "Coorparoo School of Arts & R.S.L. Memorial Hall". A doorway and two windows are located at the northern end of the western facade. The doorway provides the entrance to the kitchen which forms part of the 1930s verandah extension.</p><br>
<p>The masonry strong room is located at the corner of the western and southern elevations. The timber remainder of the southern elevation has narrow windows along the length of the elevation and a doorway located at the eastern end of the building. Located along the roof are two ridge ventilators.</p><br>
<p>The rear of the Hall, the eastern elevation, is in two sections. The extensions are in timber with a separate corrugated iron roof. The larger section, now housing the stage, has two windows located high in the facade. The second, smaller section, houses a dressing room and has a window located along the eastern elevation.</p><br>
<p>The northern elevation comprises a verandah, built during the 1930s. A set of stairs leading to the verandah is located in the eastern end of the elevation. Louvred windows are located along most of the facade with a set of three windows at the western end.</p><br>
<p>Further along the western end of the northern elevation, which forms part of the front section of the Hall, are two windows located beneath a gable with a decorative timber bargeboard. One comprises a set of two windows with a window hood, and a second set of three double hung sash windows, also with a window hood. The window hood which covers the set of three windows includes decorative timber brackets.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the front foyer opens to two rooms on the northern and southern sides. A vent with decorative fretwork is located in the room at the southern end of the. The strong room is accessed from this room.</p><br>
<p>Paired timber doors with a breezeway open to a small hall. The timber within the doors framework has been angled to create an decorative effect. The Halls street numbers 208 and 210, are located on small oval metal plates on the architrave. Female and male toilets are located to the northern and southern ends of the Hall. The toilets, installed in the 1950s, have terrazzo floors and skylights.</p><br>
<p>Paired, panelled timber doors, with a breezeway, lead to the main hall. The main hall has a timber floor and the raised stage is located at the eastern end of the room. The stage is accessed via a set of timber stairs. Timber vents with decorative fretwork are located along the length of the ceiling. The central section of the timber ceiling is flat and the sides and ends are angled. Two doors, leading to the verandah, are located in the northern elevation. Three narrow windows are located along the northern elevation.</p><br>
<p>Also located along the northern elevation is the Coorparoo Roll of Honour and the first telephone in the district. The Honour Board is a copper board mounted on a timber base. Names are applied on individual brass strips. The Board displays ornament relief such as scrolls, flowers and cannons. The wooden telephone is framed within a timber box with glass front.</p><br>
<p>The verandah, or northern elevation houses kitchen facilities at the western end and a small storage area, with a doorway to another smaller room, is located at the eastern end. From the storage area some evidence of window infill is located. The window still exists but has been boarded up at some stage.</p><br>
<p>The property is surrounded by a low wire fence and a car park is situated at the rear of the building. A picket fence is located at the base of the building at the corner of the western and northern elevations.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Coorparoo School of Arts and RSL Memorial Hall was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 January 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Coorparoo School of Arts and RSL Memorial Hall is significant as it demonstrates the development of the institution of local government in Coorparoo.</p><br>
<p>The Coorparoo School of Arts and RSL Memorial Hall is significant as the first gas lit building in the Shire and also housed the first telephone in the district.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>In its relatively unchanged state, the Coorparoo School of Arts and RSL Memorial Hall demonstrates the principal characteristics of a late nineteenth century local shire hall.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Located at the corner of Cavendish Road and Halstead Street, the Coorparoo School of Arts and RSL Memorial Hall is important for its aesthetic significance and its contribution to the streetscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Hall has a special association with the people of Coorparoo and continues to be a focal point for social and community functions.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Coorparoo School of Arts and RSL Memorial Hall is significant for its association with architect Henry Wallace Atkinson, who designed the building in 1892.</p><br>
<p>The James Finley House is a historic home located on the Hale Ranch in the ghost town of Harshaw, Arizona. Built around 1877, the house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974, and is now the most prominent building remaining in Harshaw.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The James Finley House was originally a three-room structure built with red bricks salvaged from a large smokestack in the nearby ghost town of Mowry, Arizona. It is about 100 yards from the ruins of the Hermosa Mill, and originally may have been an office for the Hermosa Mining Company. Sometime later, a porch and four adobe additions were added to the building, including a kitchen, two bedrooms, and a bathroom. Each of the three original rooms has a fireplace and windows with stone quarry lintels and sills.</p><br>
<p>In 1890, the Tucson businessman James Finley bought the old Harshaw Mine, including the house, and built a new mill that was put into operation the same year. Three years later the Hermosa Mining Company leased the Harshaw Mine from Finley and remodeled the mill, but ran out of capital before finding any ore. The demonitization of silver the same year and the building of the railroad through the town of Patagonia, eight miles to the north, spelled the end of Harshaw. Finley died in 1903 and although the mine was later sold, it was not developed any further.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 19, 1974, due to its architectural significance and its association with mining in the Harshaw area in the late 19th century. Today, the James Finley House is located on private property directly across the road from the Hale Ranch headquarters in Harshaw, Arizona. It is not open to visitors.</p><br>
<p>Coorparoo Fire Station is a heritage-listed former fire station at 219 Cavendish Road, Coorparoo, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Atkinson & Conrad and built in 1935. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 11 June 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>From about 1931, local progression associations led by C. Beak and W. J. Smout began to lobby to have a fire station established in their area. However, the fire board did not have the funds to establish a new station until March 1935 when they borrowed £22,000 from the Commonwealth Bank.</p><br>
<p>The fire station was opened on Thursday 26 September 1935 by John Innes Brown, Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly for Logan. The Dennis turbine fire engine at the station was the most modern available. The station served the Coorparoo, Camp Hill and Holland Park areas.</p><br>
<p>Prior to 2003, the fire station was decommissioned, similar to many other of the older fire stations which were too small to handle the larger fire engines.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Coorparoo Fire Station was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 11 June 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Coorparoo Fire Station is an important example of the upgrading of fire stations undertaken in Brisbane suburbs by the Queensland Government through the Metropolitan Fire Board during the 1930s. The building was in continuous use as a fire station from 1935 to 1976 and is important as the first of and model for the group of fire stations designed and constructed during this upgrade.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The former Coorparoo Fire Station is an important example of the architecture and planning of Brisbane suburban fire stations of the 1930s incorporating offices and engine room to the ground floor and a residence to the first floor. The interiors in both the operational and domestic areas reflect the operation of 1930s fire stations and are substantially intact.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The former Coorparoo Fire Station has aesthetic and architectural significance as a former modest, functional civic building. Robust and austere, with its simple horizontal banding and use of readily available materials, it is easily identified in the streetscape. A landmark on Cavendish Road, the former fire station is sympathetic in scale, form and materials to its residential setting.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Coorparoo Fire Station is a fine example of the work of the architectural firm Atkinson and Conrad. Atkinson, through the firms he was associated with, sustained a long association with the Fire Services in Brisbane commencing in 1890 with his design for the new headquarters for the Brisbane Fire Brigade. His architectural practices were responsible for many of the fire stations throughout Brisbane. It is a proto-Modern building and elements evident in the design may have been influential in popularising their use.</p><br>
<p>Queen Alexandra Home is a heritage-listed villa at 347 Old Cleveland Road, Coorparoo, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1886 to 1963. It is also known as Alexandra House, College of Tourism & Hospitality, Hatherton, and Queen Alexandra Home for Children. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Hatherton, a two-storeyed brick residence was erected in 1886 near the intersection of Old Cleveland Road and Cavendish Road in Coorparoo. A wing, named Kingsbury, was added in 1919.</p><br>
<p>The design of Hatherton is attributed to the firm of John Hall and Son, and the contractor was Abraham James. Hatherton was built for Brisbane businessman Reuben Nicklin, manager of the Brisbane Office of Butler Brothers, Saddlers and Ironmongers. Prior to moving to Hatherton, Nicklin and his family lived at Langlands, also at Coorparoo, which had been built for Nicklin in the early 1880s. By the late 1880s, Coorparoo was still principally a rural area, despite several estates having been subdivided and the suburb being connected to South Brisbane by rail. The population of Coorparoo was small, and dispersed around the Old Cleveland and Cavendish Roads intersection.</p><br>
<p>Nicklin and his wife Jane Lahey drowned in February 1890, when the RMS Quetta sank in Torres Strait, en route to England. Their daughter Alice, was one of only two European women to survive the shipwreck.</p><br>
<p>Hatherton was occupied by various people including members of the Nicklin and Lahey families as well as the Hon Arthur John Carter, Member of the Queensland Legislative Council, until 1911 when the building was acquired by the Methodist Church. The church had established its first children&#39;s home, named the Queen Alexandra Home for Children, the previous year at Robgill, in Indooroopilly, donated by May Jordan McConnel.</p><br>
<p>The home was managed and controlled by the Queen Alexandra Ladies&#39; Committee. By 1911 the Home required additional room, and in December that year the staff and children were transferred from Indooroopilly to Hatherton. Hatherton was officially opened as the Queen Alexandra Home for Children in March 1912. The Nicklin family maintained their involvement with the place, as William Lahey Nicklin (son of Reuben Nicklin) was one of the trustees of the property for the Methodist Church.</p><br>
<p>By 1918 the Home was filled to capacity, and in 1919 tenders were called by architect HGO Thomas for brick additions to Queen Alexandra Home. The foundation stone of the additions was laid in October that year, and the contractor was Mr Hobbs. The new wing was named Kingsbury in memory of Mrs JJ Kingsbury, first president of the Home. Subsequent additions during the 1920s increased the capacity of the Home from fifty to 100 children. During the mid-1940s, day pupils from Somerville House were taught at the Home.</p><br>
<p>In 1958, the Methodist Church changed its policy on child care from institutional homes to group family homes, and the last children were transferred from the Home in 1960. The building was purchased by the Queensland Government and used by the Education Department for domestic science education. During this period, the building was known as Alexandra House.</p><br>
<p>In 1963, an annexe was constructed at the rear of the House, and from 1967 further facilities were added to the site. In 1977 the building became the College of Catering and Hospitality Services, Coorparoo, being renamed the College of Tourism and Hospitality (COTAH), in 1984.</p><br>
<p>Queen Alexandra Home was extensively refurbished for use as a community centre in 1986-87, and most of the additions and partitions in the Kingsbury wing were removed at this time.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Queen Alexandra Home, located on the crest of a rise fronting Old Cleveland Road to the northwest, is a two-storeyed rendered masonry building consisting of an 1886 section named Hatherton with a 1919 wing to the southwest called Kingsbury.</p><br>
<p>The building has a hipped corrugated iron roof to Hatherton and a gambrel roof to Kingsbury. It has verandahs to three sides and service buildings attached to the rear. The verandahs have cast iron balustrade, valance, brackets and paired columns. The northeast and southwest verandahs have been enclosed with multi-paned windows and hardboard panelling.</p><br>
<p>Hatherton is frontally symmetrical, with a slightly projecting gabled porch accessed by a short flight of steps with an arched valance above. The gable has a fretwork panel, decorative bargeboard and finial, and the main entry consists of an arched fanlight and sidelight assembly of etched glass with carved timber mouldings and panelled timber door. Step out sashes, with incised architraves, open to the verandahs on both levels. The rear of the building has a two-storeyed kitchen wing with a sub-floor room and covered walkways accessing adjacent structures.</p><br>
<p>Internally, Hatherton has a central corridor with a tiled foyer leading through an archway with plaster mouldings to a timber staircase. This has a cast iron balustrade, carved timber newel post, timber panelling and an arched leadlight sash window at the landing level. This space is decorated with a stencil dado, and has timber architraves, skirtings and panelled doors with glass fanlights. The ground floor has two rooms to the northeast, with the northern room having a white marble fireplace surround with painted tile inserts and the other having a darker marble surround with black stone in relief and painted tiles. The southwest side consists of one large room with a red and green marble fireplace surround, with painted tile inserts, at the southern end. The first floor consists of four rooms, with only the northern room containing a marble fireplace surround, but this has been damaged with the mantlepiece missing. A bar has been inserted on the southwest side and a dumb waiter at the rear connecting the kitchen below. Apart from the foyer, kitchen and bar, Hatherton is carpeted throughout.</p><br>
<p>Kingsbury, containing a large function room with two central timber columns to both floors, has French doors and step out sash windows, with incised architraves, opening to verandahs. Casement windows open to the rear, the ground floor is timber and the first floor is carpeted.</p><br>
<p>Attached to the southern corner is a single-storeyed weatherboard building with a corrugated iron gable roof and concrete stumps. This has been fitted out as toilet facilities.</p><br>
<p>To the south of the kitchen wing is a two-storeyed classroom structure with a corrugated fibrous cement gable roof. The ground floor is brick and the first floor is weatherboard, and it is linked to the rear of Hatherton by a covered timber walkway.</p><br>
<p>Queen Alexandra Home has a concrete driveway to the northwest with memorial metal gates fronting Old Cleveland Road. A masonry retaining wall fence encloses an area of lawn with rose beds and a central flag pole. The L-shaped College of Tourism and Hospitality surrounds the building from the northeast to the south, with small areas of garden on the northeast and carparking to the south. A driveway is located on the southwest boundary.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Queen Alexandra Home was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The location of Queen Alexandra Home on Old Cleveland Road demonstrates the development of Coorparoo as a residential area from the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Queen Alexandra Home, comprising a substantial 1880s masonry residence, has strong aesthetic qualities including the use of highly decorative cast iron.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The building maintains a special association with the community and with the work of the Methodist Church, through its use as a children&#39;s home, college of further education and community centre.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The building maintains a special association with the community and with the work of the Methodist Church, through its use as a children&#39;s home, college of further education and community centre. The building is also associated with the Nicklin family, being erected for Reuben Nicklin.</p><br>
<p>The Department of Primary Industries Building  is a heritage-listed former public service building at 99 William Street, Brisbane City, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Prior to its adaptation for public service offices, it operated as the William Street Immigration Depot. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 July 1995.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Department of Primary Industries building, finished in unpainted render and painted brickwork, is built on a steeply sloping site with two storeys and basement fronting William Street and a lower three-storeyed wing at the rear fronting Queen&#39;s Wharf Road. with a hipped rib and pan galvanised iron roof.</p><br>
<p>The building was originally built as an Immigration Depot, and construction began in 1865 and completed in 1866.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed on part of the former Commandant&#39;s Garden. The garden had been part of an attempt to establish some principles of behaviour at Penal Settlements throughout the Colony of New South Wales by the introduction of a Code of Regulations by Governor Ralph Darling which, amongst other things, entitled the Commandant to four acres of garden to be tended by up to three gardeners.</p><br>
<p>A wharf had been constructed c.1825 in front of the adjacent Commissariat and was originally known as Kings Wharf, until 1837 when it became Queens Wharf after the ascendancy of Queen Victoria. Queen&#39;s Wharf was the point of disembarkation of immigrants to the free colony from 1848 to 1897.</p><br>
<p>Successive colonial governments actively pursued a programme of immigration of free settlers after the Penal Settlement had closed down. The first immigrants to come direct from overseas arrived on 15 December 1848 on the barque Artemisia. The first immigrants were housed temporarily in the Old Military Barracks which were located where the Treasury Building now stands. By the 1860s the barracks had deteriorated to such an extent that they were described in the local press as "wretched and dilapidated hovels... repugnant and harrowing and an abominable shed". The decision was made to erect a new facility, and the site was selected being a short distance from Queen&#39;s Wharf.</p><br>
<p>Construction began in 1865 and completed in 1866. Designed by the office of the first Queensland Colonial Architect, Charles Tiffin, the building was originally single-storeyed with basement to William Street with a three-storeyed wing at the rear. The rear wing contained three large separate wards, each 57 feet by 32 feet; one for single women at the William Street level, with married couples at the basement level and single men at the sub-basement level, which was also ground level at the rear. To each of these wards was attached a kitchen and bathroom, each on opposite sides. Earth closets were incorporated in a timber structure attached to the southwest of the building, and each ward had a separate entrance from the street. There were also residences for the matron and wardsman, and two rooms for the use of clerks and the Immigration Board in the William Street section. The sanitary arrangements were extensive, with a 2,500 gallon tank supplying water to the whole of the building through lead pipes, with a condensing apparatus in operation at the river which pumped water to the building to supplement the supply of rain water. A luggage room was located on the nearby wharf, as immigrants were not allowed to take baggage into the depot.</p><br>
<p>The building had a hipped slate roof, unpainted brick walls, and footings of porphyry on weathered rock, and the rear section to Queen&#39;s Wharf had internal timber posts and beams supporting timber floor joists. The contractor was Mr John Petrie, and plumbers were Messrs Stewart and Watson. The original estimate was £3,800, but it was likely to have exceeded this estimate by several hundred pounds due to the construction of a substantial fence around the property, as well as a washing shed and luggage room.</p><br>
<p>In December 1887, the new Yungaba Immigration Depot at Kangaroo Point opened, and the William Street depot acted as a back-up facility until 1889. The ground floor was still being used in January 1890 as a ward for old men.</p><br>
<p>In 1890 the building was adapted to form the first offices for the newly established Department of Agriculture. The Department was created in 1887, one of a number of steps taken in the expansion of the role of government during the late 1880s and 1890s, and in 1904 became the Department of Agriculture and Stock, and in 1963 became the Department of Primary Industries. From 1890 onwards the old Immigration Depot was progressively altered and extended to accommodate offices and laboratories primarily for the Department of Agriculture and Stock, and subsequently for other government departments.</p><br>
<p>By December 1890 the Museum of Economic Botany was accommodated within the building. The following year the Minister of Agriculture was accommodated in the former Immigration Depot. The Minister appears to have been housed in the location previously occupied by the museum, at the rear of the building on the ground floor and the museum was relocated in 1893 to the basement (formerly single men&#39;s quarters). This area was partitioned, bunks were removed and a five foot high dado of vertically jointed pine was formed.</p><br>
<p>In 1897 the Stock Branch of the Colonial Secretarys Department was transferred to the Ministry of Agriculture. In 1898 tenders were called for extensions to the building, including two additional wings at either end and an extra storey to the William Street elevation. The extensions were designed by Thomas Pye, chief draftsman and assistant architect, and John Murdoch, draftsman and assistant architect, under Queensland Government Architect Alfred Brady. The form, scale and details of the alterations became the model for all subsequent additions. The tender by Caskie and Thompson was accepted. The extension was of load-bearing cavity brick set in lime-based mortar, with timber floors, and timber roof framing sheeted in galvanised iron rib and pan tiles. External walls were unpainted cement render, and internal walls plastered. The work included the installation of a central skylight in the rear section, and pressed metal ceilings and timber partitions were installed on the ground level of the rear section pre-1916. A toilet block containing earth closets with a nightmans stair was also constructed in 1899.</p><br>
<p>These extensions reflect the expansion of the Department at this time, particularly the growth in accommodation for entomologists and plant pathologists, as this area of plant science was to continue to expand in response to Queensland&#39;s growth in primary production.</p><br>
<p>In 1900 criticisms of plasterwork (specifically the external rendering over old brickwork to form quoins) led to a royal Commission of Inquiry. Remedial work was subsequently carried out in 1906. Prior to 1915, the southern doorway over the lightwell to William Street was enclosed and replaced with a sash window. In 1916 a new wing was constructed to the south (demolished 1994), consisting of foundation, basement, ground and first floor. This extension accommodated the Agricultural Chemical Laboratory, Entomology and Plant Pathology branches. It was built by day labour, and was intended to form the northwest wing of a new building, with the intention being to demolish the earlier sections of the building. Further extensions to the building were carried out in 1923, 1929, 1935 and 1936.</p><br>
<p>In 1922 a new staircase was added between the front and rear sections of the building, and the toilet block was reworked in 1924 to replace the original earth closets with water closets.</p><br>
<p>In 1940 a connection was made between the old photographic studio and the storeroom, and in 1944 the photographic studio suffered major damage by fire. The vertically jointed timber boarding to the rear verandahs was removed C.1951 and replaced with fibrous cement sheeting. Due to the confined nature of the area, a gradual drift from the site began in the 1950s, with the Department of Primary Industries vacating the building in 1989. In 1994 the post-1899 extensions were demolished to make way for a proposed new government office complex.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1990s, the building housed the offices for the Centenary of Federation. It currently houses the National Trust of Queensland and is known as National Trust House; it also houses the Office of the Queensland Government Architect and the Architectural Practice Academy.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Department of Primary Industries Building, an unpainted rendered and painted brickwork structure, consists of a two-storeyed with basement section fronting William Street with a lower three-storeyed wing at the rear fronting Queen&#39;s Wharf Road. The building, located adjacent to the former Commissariat Store, and across the road from the former Queensland Government Printing Office and adjacent former Land Administration Building), is built on a steeply sloping site, and has a hipped rib and pan galvanised iron roof.</p><br>
<p>The symmetrical William Street section has a central entrance with a projecting wing at either end. The ground floor has coursed render with quoining, the first floor has an expressed band at window sill height and the eaves are jettied.</p><br>
<p>The entrance consists of a two-storeyed gabled element which projects from the face of the building, and is composed of an arched doorway to the ground floor with unpainted rendered classical detailing above and to the first floor. The detailing includes coursed render to the ground floor expressing voussoirs, above which is located an open-crown pediment with relief mouldings which are described in the Brisbane Sculpture Guide (Judith McKay 1988) as The festoon of Queensland agricultural produce—including wheat, strawberries, macadamia nuts, bananas and pumpkins— (which) is given due status by the addition of classical acanthus leaves. Above this are paired columns either side of a shield, which originally housed the words "DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE", which support an entablature with an urn at either end and a low arched window with expressed keystone to the first floor in the centre. The pediment above has a central shield with the date 1898 AD. The doorway has double panelled timber doors, with an arched fanlight with radiating mullions.</p><br>
<p>The William Street facade has paired tall, narrow, multi-paned timber sash windows, with the end facades having single sashes. The ground floor windows are surrounded by unpainted rendered mouldings with expressed sills and cornices above, and the first floor windows have similar details but with keystone-type heads. The northern end facade has a central chimney, with curved details at first floor height, which is surmounted by a large cornice with double arched flue covers. The southern end facade, the point of connection to the recently demolished post-1899 extensions, has been rendered to suggest floor levels and the position of the original chimney.</p><br>
<p>The William Street facade also has two lightwells to the basement, located either side of the central entry abutting the end wings, which consist of a curved porphyry retaining wall with sandstone capping and wrought iron balustrading. The lightwells are bridged by a concrete walkway where they abut the end wings, accessing a single panelled timber door with fanlight, and featuring an iron gate with the letters DA intertwined. The southern door, however, has been enclosed and replaced with a sash window, and a later sash window has been introduced to the first floor flanking wall of the southern wing. A retaining wall with sandstone capping, end pillar and wrought iron balustrade extends from the building along the William Street frontage to the south.</p><br>
<p>The rear of the William Street section has verandahs to all three floors either side of the central rear wing and abutting the end wings. Originally enclosed with vertically jointed boarding covering verandah stairs with open arched sections either end, the verandahs have all since been enclosed with fibrous cement sheeting and a variety of windows.</p><br>
<p>The rear wing is a three-storeyed painted masonry structure on a porphyry base, one level lower than the William Street section, with a crucifix plan and a number of additions which include a three-storeyed toilet block on the northwest, a two-storeyed enclosure on the southeast, and various stairs and single-storeyed sheds around the base. Floor levels are expressed with relief banding, windows are mostly multi-paned sashes, and timber and iron window hoods are located on most windows on the southwest.</p><br>
<p>The toilet block has arched sash windows to the base, with high level hopper windows to the floors above. This block is linked to the main structure via cantilevered walkways on the ground and basement levels, which consist of curved iron brackets supporting a timber walkway with iron balustrade. The two-storeyed enclosure on the southeast has a skillion roof, with fixed glazing above chamferboard to the basement level and brick piers. A steel fire stair is located at the rear of the building.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the William Street section has a central entry vestibule, with rooms accessed via the rear verandah or through adjoining doorways. A concrete stair with an iron balustrade and timber handrail is located centrally in the linking section to the rear wing, and is accessed through an arch which has been enclosed to form a doorway. Timber staircases were originally located on the rear verandahs, but only one flight remains linking the basement and ground floor on the southern side. This staircase has chamfered newel posts with turned capitals, and a timber batten balustrade which has been mostly sheeted over with hardboard. Some original timber verandah balustrading and chamfered posts are visible, again with the majority being sheeted over. Doors are panelled timber with fanlights, walls are plastered, and ceilings are boarded, some of which have been sheeted over with hardboard. Evidence of the former corridor linking the now demolished post-1899 extensions is visible in the first floor at the southern end, with timber and glass partitions dividing the space. The basement level has exposed porphyry walls to the lightwell, and a later lean-to bathroom is located on the south corner accessed via the verandah. Timber fireplace surrounds have been removed, but evidence of their form survives.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the rear wing consists of a large former immigration ward flanked by former kitchen and bathroom to each floor, with timber post and beam internal construction. The ground floor level has been partitioned with a central corridor leading to a large room at the rear, and has a central skylight which consists of glazed roofing sections which light glazed ceiling panels to the hall and adjacent side rooms. Ceilings throughout this section have pressed metal sheeting of various designs. The basement level has a lower floor level than the William Street section and boarded timber ceilings. The sub-basement level is similar, but with a number of partitioned rooms along either side. The toilet block has concrete floors, plastered walls and timber partition cubicles.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Department of Primary Industries Building (former) was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 July 1995 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Department of Primary Industries building, originally built as an immigration depot in 1865-66 and the interior of which substantially retains its originally planning, is representative of early Queensland Colonial Government infrastructure, and the importance that was placed on immigration and its contribution to the colony&#39;s future.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Together with the adjacent former Commissariat Store, the building is a rare surviving riverside structure once associated with Queen&#39;s Wharf, an important point of transport and commerce from the time of the establishment of the Penal Settlement, and reflects the pattern of development of the surrounding government precinct.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building makes a significant aesthetic contribution, through form, scale, and materials, to the Brisbane townscape, and is an important member of a group of early government buildings including the former Commissariat Store, former Government Printing Office and former Land Administration building.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The building is also illustrative of the growth of the Department of Agriculture; and the importance of its contribution to the growth and development of the Queensland economy.</p><br>
<p>The Queensland Government Printing Office is a heritage-listed printing house at 110 George Street and 84 William Street, Brisbane City, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by John James Clark, Francis Drummond Greville Stanley, and Edwin Evan Smith and built from 1884 to 1887 by John Petrie and Thomas Hiron. It is also known as The Printing Building, Sciencentre, Public Services Club, and Registry of Births, Deaths & Marriages. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Government Printing Office (George Street side), 1920</p><br>
<p>The former Queensland Government Printing Office is located between George Street and William Street, south-east of Stephens Lane. It operated between 1862 and 1983, and consisted of a number of buildings. As the first purpose-built government printing office in Queensland, the Government Printing Office played an important role in administration of the colony and then the state of Queensland. The former Government Printing Office complex, which demonstrates the quality and evolving styles of the work of the Queensland Government Architect&#39;s Office between the 1870s and the 1910s, currently consists of two buildings, built over three different periods: a three storey brick building facing William Street constructed 1872-74; a three storey brick building erected along Stephens Lane between 1884–87; and a three storey brick extension to the Stephens Lane building, constructed along George Street between 1910-12.</p><br>
<p>A government printing office was required in Queensland after separation in 1859 when the establishment of the new Colonial Government generated a need for the printing of Hansard, the official report of the proceedings of the Houses of Parliament. Many other items were also printed on the premises, including postage stamps, Government Gazettes, Acts of Parliament, annual reports of departments, survey maps, text books, electoral rolls, school readers, and banknotes.</p><br>
<p>The dissemination of Hansard and other government information to the public is vital to the healthy operation of a democracy, ensuring that the business of parliament is accessible to all, and facilitating transparency regarding government decisions. The printing office was therefore integral to the operation of the Queensland Government - and its importance was reflected by its proximity to Parliament, the quality and scale of the printing office buildings, and the quality of the documents produced.</p><br>
<p>The Queensland Government Gazette was first printed by Theophilus Pugh, publisher of the Moreton Bay Courier. Pugh was replaced by William C Belbridge of the Queensland Guardian, who became the first official Government Printer by March 1862. That year the first purpose-designed government printing office in Queensland, a two storey timber building (not extant) designed by Queensland&#39;s first Colonial Architect, Charles Tiffin, was built facing William Street on a ridge running parallel to both William Street and George Street.</p><br>
<p>Since the 1820s the north bank of the Brisbane River and the adjacent ridgeline has featured a concentration of government and associated activities and uses. This ridge was the site of administration buildings for the Moreton Bay penal settlement, which relocated from Redcliffe to Brisbane, occupying this site from 1825-1839. When the penal settlement closed, the remnant infrastructure was used by surveyors as a basis for the layout for the new town of Brisbane. Set at right angles to the river, the prisoners barracks determined Queen Street, while the line of buildings along the ridge determined William Street. Streets surveyed parallel to these streets, including George Street, formed Brisbanes rectangular grid. The house and kitchen of the Commandant of the penal settlement stood on land just south-east of the Government Printing Office, until the Commandant&#39;s buildings were demolished c.1861.</p><br>
<p>While a range of buildings and activities occurred along George and William Streets after Free Settlement began in 1842, the government maintained its dominant presence in the area. At some sites, such as the Commissariat and Botanical Gardens, earlier uses were continued. The establishment phase following the creation of Queensland in 1859 saw the new colonial government reserve land parcels and construct a range of buildings to facilitate its functions. The building of Old Government House and Parliament House along the eastern end of the George Street alignment in the 1860s firmly entrenched the physical reality of a government precinct in the area.</p><br>
<p>Due to this government precinct, the Government Printing Office&#39;s immediate neighbour to the north-west, the 1851 United Evangelical Church, became a government telegraph office in 1861; hence the naming of "Telegraph Lane" between the telegraph office and the printing office. This laneway from William Street to George Street was later renamed Stephens Lane.</p><br>
<p>As Queensland grew, so did demands on the Government Printing Office. The 1862 timber building was altered in 1863 and 1864, and in 1865 an "L" shaped three storey brick and stone building (not extant), also designed by Tiffin, was constructed to the rear (north-east), using day labour. It included an underground cistern with a domed top (location unknown) and was connected to the 1862 building. By 1872 the complex included a small engine room, workshop and stables (none of which are extant) behind the 1865 building. That year James Beal (Government Printer 1867 to 1893) requested a new building to cope with the increased work of the Government Printing Office, and in August 1872 the Secretary for Public Works recommended that Francis Drummond Greville Stanley prepare a plan.</p><br>
<p>FDG Stanley immigrated to Queensland in 1861 and became one of the most prolific and well known Queensland architects of the late nineteenth century. In 1863 he became a clerk of works in the Office of the Colonial Architect. Upon Tiffin&#39;s retirement in 1872, Stanley became Colonial Architect, holding the position until 1881 when he entered private practice.</p><br>
<p>Stanley wanted the new building at the Government Printing Office to be constructed with machine-pressed bricks, which were not yet produced in Brisbane. At the time it was reported that he wanted "to provide as much accommodation as possible in a plain substantial building, without striving after architectural display. The structure, however...will have really a handsome and imposing appearance". Tenders were called in October 1872, and the tender of John Petrie, for £4,751 plus £170 for machine pressed bricks and £50 for internal dressing, was accepted. The building included stone footings, brick walls, cast iron airbricks to the understorey and at the ceilings, cast iron columns (ground and first floors, front wing only), and water closets (WCs) and a lift at the end of the rear wing on each floor. The roof was steeply pitched to assist ventilation. Construction was estimated to take six months, but the new office was not completed until 1874, with delays being blamed on a shortage of bricklayers. The machinery was installed and gas lights were fitted by April 1874, and the finished cost was £5331/3/6.</p><br>
<p>The front (William Street) wing of the new building stood on the site of the 1862 building, which had been demolished in late 1872. The new William Street building had an "L" shape and extended onto the (recently repurchased) land previously occupied by the Commandant&#39;s residence, wrapping around the south-east side of the 1865 building. It had an arcade to the street frontage of the ground floor, and the roof was covered in Welsh slate to reduce the risk of fire. Narrow rear verandahs were located on the north-west side of the first and second floors of the rear wing. The ground floor included a public counter, offices, newspaper room, and a large publishing room in the front wing, with a store in the rear wing. The first floor consisted of a composing room in the front wing, with a drying room in the rear wing; while the second floor contained a binding room in the front wing and a ruling room in the rear wing. It was connected to the 1865 building, which included a machine printing room on the ground floor, the engraving and lithographic work on the first floor, and machine ruling and book binding on the second floor.</p><br>
<p>In 1879 the neighbouring telegraph office (former church) was converted into the residence of the Government Printer, and in 1880 the engine room at the rear of the 1865 building was enlarged and the stables were demolished. More land was purchased in 1883, prior to further expansion of the Government Printing Office complex onto land to the south-east. A master plan for the Government Printing Office, drawn in 1884, planned a "U" shaped building along Telegraph Lane, George Street, and returning along the south-east side of the complex, wrapping around a new engine room. It also planned a replication of the William Street building on the other side of a "cart entrance" from William Street to the engine room, but this never occurred.</p><br>
<p>Instead, between 1884 and 1887 three new buildings were constructed, all by John Petrie: a three storey brick building along Telegraph Lane, with a short elevation to George Street; a two storey brick engine room (not extant) to the south-east; and a two storey brick Lithographic Office (not extant) south-east of the engine room. The 1880 engine room extension to the rear of the 1865 building was demolished around this time.</p><br>
<p>John Petries tender of £13,043 (initially for a two storey building on Telegraph Lane and the engine room) was accepted in July 1884, plus an extra £8000 in 1885 for the addition of a third storey to the Telegraph Lane building, plus the Lithographic Office. The Telegraph Lane building, which was separated from the 1865 building by a yard, included a basement; a machine room on the ground floor; reading rooms, fount, paper, material and store rooms on first floor; and a composing room on the second floor. The design has been attributed to John James Clark, Colonial Architect from 1883-85. The engine room was completed in late 1885, and housed steam engines and generators which supplied electricity for Queenslands Parliament House from 1886, plus smaller steam engines for powering the Government Printing Office&#39;s machinery. The other two new buildings were finished in early 1887.</p><br>
<p>Changes were later also made to the older buildings within the complex, including the addition of four cast iron columns on the first floor of the front wing of the William Street building in 1890; increasing the height of the 1865 building in 1891 to improve ventilation; and lowering the level of William Street in 1892, requiring construction of a concrete plinth to protect the foundations of the William Street building. In 1897 the brick wall between the public office and accountant&#39;s office in the William Street building was removed, with the addition of an extra iron column in its place. In 1900 zinc roof sheets on the flatter section of the roof of William Street building were replaced with galvanised rib and pans steel. In 1903 the level of Telegraph Lane, which by now had been renamed Stephens Lane, was lowered. Nearby, in 1901 the neighbouring former church was demolished to allow construction of an Executive Building which later became the Land Administration Building.</p><br>
<p>The ongoing development of the city and its wharves downstream from the original convict site meant that George Street had become more important than William Street by this time. A three storey brick extension of the Stephens Lane building along George Street, which became the new "front" for the Government Printing Office, was commenced in 1910, while an additional three storey brick extension (not extant) between the Stephens Lane building and the William Street building required the demolition of (with possible incorporation of parts of) the 1865 brick building. The George Street wing was built by Thomas Hiron, who tendered £21,450, while the Stephens Lane infill building was constructed by J Maskrey, who tendered £2896. The George Street wing was finished around mid 1912.</p><br>
<p>The 1910 plans for the George Street wing were signed by Alfred Barton Brady, Queensland Government Architect, and by Andrew Irving, acting deputy Government Architect, while 1911 plans are signed by Thomas Pye, Deputy Government Architect. However, the design of the George Street wing has been attributed to Edwin Evan Smith, a draughtsman who had assisted Thomas Pye with the design of the Executive Building, and who later became the State Government Architect for Victoria. Smith, also a painter, potter and sculptor, and an examiner in modelling for the Brisbane Technical College, designed the sculptures on the building. These include two freestanding devils on the parapet above the main entrance and a relief carved devils head, directly above the entrance. Traditionally, devils are a symbol of the printing trade, generally accepted as representing printers apprentices.</p><br>
<p>These details were sculpted by well known Sydney sculptor, William Priestly MacIntosh who arrived in Sydney from Edinburgh in 1880 and from 1890 was Sydney&#39;s leading architectural sculptor. He received many commissions in New South Wales; his major work being the Queen Victoria Market. Macintosh arrived in Brisbane in 1903 to complete his major Queensland work, the Executive Building, and was also responsible for the sculptural details on the former Government Savings Bank.</p><br>
<p>The George Street wing connected with both the 1887 Stephens Lane building and the 1887 Lithographic Office, forming a "U" around the engine room. It was symmetrical, with the main entrance in the centre and secondary entrances and stair halls either side of the central section. There was an electric lift adjacent to each stair hall, and a basement. Whereas the roof of the Stephens Lane wing was supported on timber queen bolt trusses, the George Street wing used timber queen post trusses; and while cast iron columns had been used to support the main floor beams in the Stephens Lane wing, hardwood columns were used in the George Street wing. It appears that the new building was considered a model for Government Printing Offices, as the South Australian Government Printer requested copies of the plan to assist in the design and extension of the Adelaide Printery building.</p><br>
<p>Two storeys were also added to the engine room c.1910, and its use appears to have changed at this time to include a Sterro Room and workshop on the ground floor; mens and womens clubs, dining rooms and lavatories on the first floor; reading rooms on the second floor; and lavatories and toilets on the third floor.</p><br>
<p>In 1910 plans the George Street wings basement included stock rooms and a strong room; the ground floor (from the south-east to the north-west) contained an extension to the lithographic room (from the adjacent Lithographic Office), dispatch room, offices and a public counter; while the first floor contained another extension to the lithographic room plus bookbinding (an extension to the Stephens Lane wings bookbinding floor). The second floor was used by compositors, in an extension of the function of the second floor of the Stephens Lane wing.</p><br>
<p>By this time the William Street building had been reduced to secondary or service functions, including printing of railway tickets. The ground floor was a store, the first floor was used as a machine ruling room, and the second floor was the artists and process workroom. Around this time new windows were inserted to the top floor and new dormers were added to the roof (all since removed), and the toilets and lift at the end of the rear wing were demolished. From the end of the first floor rear verandah, a gallery ran to the former engine room and the Lithographic Office.</p><br>
<p>In 1912 electricity was connected to all buildings on the site by the Edison and Swan United Electric Light Company Ltd. Various other improvements were made to the building over the years, including strengthening of the floors and installation of fire sprinklers. By 1916 there were three small, one-storey buildings (stores and a workshop, not extant) in the corner of the complex, located between the William Street building and the Lithographic Office. Soon afterwards, the importance of the Government Printing Office in disseminating information to the public was demonstrated. In November 1917 the Australian military conducted a night raid on the Government Printing Office to seize copies of Hansard which the Federal Government did not wish circulated, as they covered debates in the Queensland Parliament on military censorship and the conscription issue. The military also temporarily took possession of the Government Printing Office in August 1918, this time to prevent coverage of statements made in the Queensland Parliament about the treatment of Irish and German internees.</p><br>
<p>Changes to the site continued before and after World War II. In 1924 some of the roof slates of the William Street building were replaced with iron sheets, and more were replaced in 1933. In 1952 toilets were built at the rear of William Street building, and in 1959 the Lithographic Office was extended towards the engine room and a concrete floor was laid to most of the ground floor of the Stephens Lane wing. In 1970 a new metal-clad building (not extant) was constructed south-west of the Lithographic Office, demolishing the c.1916 workshop.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, the immediate post-war years of the late 1940s saw the Queensland Government begin to expand their activities considerably in Brisbane city. Most public servants were then located in the Treasury and Executive Buildings in George Street and in offices in Anzac Square. The shortage of office accommodation in the centre of Brisbane, and the need to address future requirements, led to a phase of governmental property acquisition in the city. The purchase of properties on George and William Streets between the Government Printing Office and Parliament House was a key focus, in addition to other acquisitions on Charlotte, Mary and Margaret Streets.</p><br>
<p>The consolidation of government ownership and usage along George and William streets led to a number of schemes being investigated by the state to further the development of a "government precinct". By 1965, a masterplan had been developed that involved the demolition of all buildings between the old Executive Building and Parliament House, to enable the construction of three high-rise office buildings in a "plaza setting". However, only one of these was built - between 1968 and 1971 a new Executive Building was constructed south-east of the Government Printing Office. By the early 1970s the 1960s plan for the precinct was considered no longer suitable and a number of other proposals for the area were explored.</p><br>
<p>A 1974 "George Street Masterplan" involved lower-rise buildings spread out over greater areas and the demolition of the Bellevue Hotel and The Mansions. A major influence in ultimately shaping the layout of the area during the 1970s was the growing community support for the retention of older buildings within the government precinct, especially the Belle Vue Hotel and the Mansions. Spearheaded by the National Trust, the government-related associations and links between buildings, their architectural qualities, and aesthetic contributions to the area were highlighted in submissions to the government and in the public sphere. The unannounced June 1974 removal of the balconies of the Belle Vue Hotel was a deliberate action by the State government to degrade the visual appearance of the area, and drew further attention to the conservation cause.</p><br>
<p>In April 1979 Cabinet adopted a recommendation for a schedule of demolition work to further the development of the government precinct. The Belle Vue Hotel was to be demolished, but the Mansions and the original section of Harris Terrace were to be retained, renovated and adapted. On 21 April, three days after this decision, the Belle Vue Hotel was demolished in the early hours of the morning, a notorious event in the history of heritage conservation in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The Government Printing Office moved to new premises in Woolloongabba in October 1983, and a number of former Government Printing Office buildings were demolished in 1986-87 to make way for a four storey Executive Annex, connected to the 1971 Executive Building, and a four-level underground car park. The Lithographic Office, former engine room, the two remaining c.1916 buildings, the 1970s building, the toilets at the rear of the William Street building and the Stephens Lane infill building were demolished. The construction of the car park under the site of the engine room and up to the south-east side and rear of the rear wing of the William Street building removed the remaining archaeological traces of the Commandants cottage and kitchen with cellar, although the material was recorded by staff from the Queensland Museum. The Commandants cottage and kitchen wing are defined in outline by contrasting coloured bricks and sandstone in the new paving laid in 1987. The remaining section of the Commandant&#39;s cottage would have been under the footprint of the rear wing of the William Street building, but construction of a small basement (c.1987) of reinforced concrete beneath the rear wing would have destroyed any surviving material.</p><br>
<p>In 1989 the Queensland Museum Sciencentre moved into the William Street building, and prior restoration and renovation work undertaken in 1986-88 included: the demolition of non-original dormer windows and restoration of the clerestory, reconstruction of the roof framing and replacement of the corrugated iron roofing with slate and galvanised steel sheeting, and reconstruction of the rear verandah. Removal, reconstruction or restoration of doors and windows took place, and some external openings were sealed, while some new windows and doors were inserted. The existing ground floor slab and flooring was replaced, along with sections of the front wings timber flooring on the first and second floors. The rear wings floors were replaced with reinforced concrete suspended slabs. Other strengthening of floors utilised steel beams and trusses, and all casements were replaced as pivot windows.</p><br>
<p>The George Street/Stephens Lane building was renovated between 1987 and 1991 with work including: replacement roof sheeting, the formation of new walls where the Stephens Lane infill building and Lithographic Office had been demolished, construction of a glass-walled arcade on the south-east wall of the Stephens Lane wing, a tiered theatre at the south-east end of the second floor of the George Street wing, removal of the original lifts in the George Street wing and installation of two new lifts and toilets at the George Street end of the Stephens Lane wing, a new stairwell at the south-west end of the Stephens Lane wing, plus a light court extension from the basement to the courtyard and a link from the basement to the underground car park.</p><br>
<p>The Sciencentre moved from the William Street building into the George Street/ Stephens Lane building in 1992, from where it operated until 2002. In 1993 the William Street building&#39;s interior was remodelled for commercial use as the Public Services Club, and in 2005-6 the George Street wing was refurbished for use by the Registrar of Births, Deaths and Marriages, with a complete new fit-out and closure of the main entrance.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Queensland Government Printing Office is sited within an important precinct of substantial masonry buildings built for other government uses. It comprises two separate buildings: one facing William Street, the other facing George Street, with a paved courtyard between. The buildings have noticeably robust structural systems and open floor plans lit by many large windows. Stephens Lane (easement not road reserve) runs along the north-western side and, together with a cart lane (access route not road reserve) adjacent to the south-eastern elevation of the William Street building, provides access to the courtyard. The fronts of the buildings are more decorative than the rear and side elevations.</p><br>
<p>The William Street building, located on the corner of William Street and Stephens Lane, is a three-storeyed building with a steeply-pitched mansard roof clad with slate on the steep portion and rib and pan galvanised steel sheets on the shallow remainder. It is L-shaped, comprising a William Street wing and a rear wing around a fenced, paved rear courtyard accessible from the courtyard. The roof has a clerestory of narrow, amber-coloured, fixed glazing at the change in pitch and lengths of cast iron ridge cresting. The building has a rusticated sandstone plinth and brick walls. The front and side walls are face brick while the rear walls are painted with areas of render where extensions have been demolished. Two brick chimneys with distinctive shaped cappings are located at the Stephens Lane end of the building.</p><br>
<p>The William Street facade is primarily symmetrical with a ground floor colonnade of five pointed arches between two slightly projecting bays. Blind circular openings are located in the infills between each arch. The colonnade is reached via central stone stairs. Five sets of horizontal-pivot timber sash windows align with the five arches of the colonnade. The entry is asymmetrical and located at the Stephens Lane end of the colonnade. The two end bays have stop-chamfered corners to the ground and first floors which are rendered and painted. Engaged columns capped with foliated convex elements are located within the stop chamfers. Each end bay has a centrally located segmental arch which surrounds a rendered section containing two lancet-type windows with semi-circular heads. The first floor levels have three similarly styled windows, symmetrically placed, and the second floor levels have larger scale windows which project above the eaves line and have curved pediments. A variety of bonds make up the brickwork, including English, Flemish, and English Garden Wall. The bricks of the William Street wing are discernibly better quality than those of the rear wing and have struck or ruled pointing. Carved sandstone brackets line the eaves.</p><br>
<p>The Stephens Lane elevation is similar in detail to the front elevation, with rendered arches containing multiple lancet-type windows at ground floor level and a concave corrugated iron awning over the first floor windows. The string courses of the front elevation continue around this elevation.</p><br>
<p>The south-eastern cart lane is paved and the bricks on this face of the building are heavily scored and scratched from the passing of vehicles.</p><br>
<p>The rear elevations are less decorative. A combination of arched and rectangular windows is used on all levels and a number of windows and doors at the rear of the building have been bricked in. A partially enclosed timber verandah is located on the north-west elevation of the rear wing. The courtyard garden is formed by modern steel partitions to enclose an outdoor seating area.</p><br>
<p>The building is structurally composite. The entire ground floor is concrete slab with a crawl space underneath the William Street wing and a small basement under the rear wing that connects to the underground car park behind the building. The remaining floors of the William Street are timber and those of the rear wing are concrete. The services including lifts, stairs, kitchens, cold rooms and toilets are located in the rear wing and are not of cultural heritage significance. The William Street wing comprises predominantly open spaces.</p><br>
<p>The building has a rear entry into the rear wing that has become the main entrance. The ground and first floor levels of the William Street wing are similar in design, with original joinery, iron columns, and exposed rafters and beams. Walls are rendered and painted. The William Street wing is partitioned on ground level into three rooms, each with a fireplace. The rooms retain finely detailed joinery and ceilings are beaded tongue and groove timber board ceilings with timber mouldings. Generally, the building retains early and original door and window hardware.</p><br>
<p>The second floor of the William Street wing is notable for its exposed roof structure comprising multiple sets of Queens post trusses with unusual tusk tenon detailing and rafters. Members are stop-chamfered. The ceiling comprises beaded boarding laid diagonally and is raked to follow the mansard roof. The roof members and ceiling are stained dark brown. The amber-coloured glass in the clerestory is also used in the top of windows to William Street and Stephens Lane. The walls are bagged and painted brick. Elements not of cultural heritage significance in the building include: post-1983 elements such as the basement, the escape stair at the junction of the two wings, the partitions and suspended ceilings in the rear wing, any replica cast iron columns not in their original positions, steel strengthening of the roof framing, the rear verandahs, reconstructed chimney sections, air conditioning ducts, and the modern fit-out and joinery.</p><br>
<p>The George Street building is a substantial brick building of three storeys and a partial basement forming an L-shape around a rear courtyard. One wing of the building fronts George Street and the other fronts Stephens Lane and both have slightly different structural systems. The George Street wing has timber floor and roof framing supported by large timber columns with timber bolsters. The Stephens Lane wing has a concrete floor to the ground floor and timber floor and roof framing supported by cast iron columns.</p><br>
<p>The George Street facade is symmetrically composed around a central, slightly projecting entrance bay with wings both side terminating in a pavilion. It is in a Classical Revival style. The facade is primarily smooth rendered above a rusticated porphyry base and the entrance bay and two subsidiary entrances are sandstone. The facade comprises many square headed windows with square-formed string courses. Decorative features are primarily restricted to the ground floor and include rendered details and carved stonework.</p><br>
<p>The entrance bay has a rusticated base of granite and an arch leads to an inset porch with stairs up to the entrance doors. These doors are timber with stained glass panels and side lights depicting various printing techniques. Above the arch is a relief carved devils face and banners with the words "PRINTING OFFICE" and the date "1910". A large entablature separates the ground level from the upper two levels which have double pilasters rising through both levels on either side of windows. The pilasters have Ionic order capitals with the faces of devils between the volutes and the two sets of windows are double hung and have balustrades in front of them. The pilasters support a broken-bed pediment with relief carving to the tympanum featuring the Queensland Coat of Arms. Above the pediment is a parapet with pedestals at either end supporting sculpted stone devils holding shields bearing the printers emblem.</p><br>
<p>The Stephens Lane and rear elevations reflect the subsidiary and functional nature of the lane frontage and "back of house" conditions. A lightly rusticated porphyry base supports painted brick walls with many square headed windows. The rear elevations of the two wings are face brick but of discernibly different bricks on either wing. The Stephens Lane wing has dark brown face brick laid in English bond with segmental arches of red brick over the windows. The windows are two paned casement windows and the sills are either painted stone or rendered. The ground level is an arcade of arched openings forming a covered walkway with a glazed wall forming the enclosure to the interior offices.</p><br>
<p>The rear elevation of the George Street wing is in red face brick in an English bond with lighter red brick headers. The windows are two paned double hung timber sashes with stone sills. The first and second floors have a balcony that extends the length of the building and curves to provide access into the Stephens Lane wing. It has a cast iron handrail and is supported by cast iron brackets. The same brackets support the extended eaves to the second level.</p><br>
<p>Access to the George Street wing is from the rear courtyard. The original entrance from George Street is sealed and a new glass partition and door of recent construction are located directly in front of these internally. The interior spaces are large with high ceilings. The Stephens Lane wing has timber tongue and groove ceilings and the George Street wing has ripple iron ceilings on the ground and first floors and timber boards on the second floor. Walls are either plastered and painted, or sandblasted brick. The building has four ventilated and glazed roof lanterns; three in the Stephens Lane wing and one large one in the George Street wing.</p><br>
<p>To either side of the now-disused George Street entrance are offices with partitions of French polished silky oak and maple and clear glazing above. The main doors into these areas also have stained glass panels and the remainder have etched glass panels with lettering designating the office use. Ceilings and cornices in these areas are pressed metal. Post-1983 elements not of cultural heritage significance include: reconstructed walls at the south end of the Stephens Lane wing and the east end of the George Street wing, the link to the Executive Annex, modern partitions and fit-out, and new work in the basement.</p><br>
<p>The courtyard between the two buildings is planted with jacarandas and forms the roof of a four storey underground concrete car park which is not of cultural heritage significance. Other elements within the cultural heritage boundary which have no cultural heritage significance include the stone capping to the wall along Stephens Lane; the modern fabric of the courtyard garden of the Public Services Club, on the site of the 1865 building; the light well to the basement of the George Street wing; and vents to the underground car park. Adjacent to the William Street building and also fronting William Street is the Executive Annexe, a four-storey concrete building that is not of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Queensland Government Printing Office was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Queensland Government Printing Office was the first purpose-built government printery in Queensland and operated on the site from 1862 to 1983, playing an essential part in the administration of Queensland for 121 years. The dissemination of Hansard and other government information is an important part of democracy, promoting public access to parliamentary debate and facilitating transparency regarding government decisions. The expansion of the site and addition of new buildings over time was a result of the growth of the Queensland Government and its functions.</p><br>
<p>As part of a government precinct that has existed since 1825, the place helps to demonstrate the early importance of this part of Brisbane to the administration of the Moreton Bay penal settlement and later the colony and state of Queensland. The proximity of the printing office to Parliament is also a reflection of its important role in government.</p><br>
<p>The former Government Printing Office buildings fit within a pattern of substantial, well designed masonry buildings constructed to the designs of colonial and government architects. The structures show an adaption to Queenslands climate and the increased availability of materials and skills over time, including improvements in brick manufacturing processes. The designs of the constituent buildings also demonstrate the increased ambitiousness of the projects of the Colonial/Government Architects Office between the 1870s and the 1910s.</p><br>
<p>The survival of the main Government Printing Office buildings, despite 1960s plans for the demolition of the complex, demonstrates how increased public concern about the preservation of heritage buildings influenced government redevelopment plans during the 1970s and 1980s.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The former Queensland Government Printing Office was the only government printing office in Queensland from 1862 to 1983.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place has the potential to reveal information that will contribute to our understanding of Queensland&#39;s history. There is the potential for sub-surface material to survive relating to the first printing office (1862), particularly the foundations, as well as material relating to the 1865 building, including an underground cistern and associated stables.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Located within a government precinct, the buildings of the former Queensland Government Printing Office continue to demonstrate the principal characteristics of a nineteenth/early twentieth century printing office. The interiors have good natural lighting and ventilation and are plain and robust compared to the more elaborate street appearance. The buildings feature smaller, more finely detailed administration areas supporting large production areas and substantial structural framing provides unobstructed floor areas and allows for heavy floor loadings. Access to the rear of the buildings was provided, at different times, via Stephens Lane and the cart lane south-east of the Williams Street building.</p><br>
<p>The use of brick walls, as well as the use of slate on the William Street buildings roof, demonstrates the precautions taken against the threat of fire, while the skylights on the top floor of the Stephens Lane/George Street building demonstrates the compositors need for good natural light.</p><br>
<p>The carved Queensland crest, printers devils, and leaded stained glass with images of the printing process on the George Street wing are also indications of the places former status and use. At the time of construction, the design of the 1910-12 George Street wing was considered to be a model for other state printing offices.</p><br>
<p>The William Street building is a good example of the work of the Colonial Architect, Francis Drummond Greville Stanley, while the George Street wing of the Government Printing Office is an excellent example of the work of Edwin Evan Smith, a draughtsman in the Government Architect&#39;s Office, and the Sydney sculptor William P Macintosh.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The former Queensland Government Printing Office is an integral part of the most prominent and cohesive group of government buildings in Queensland. A major landmark in the city of Brisbane, together with the former Treasury Building, former Land Administration Building, and Queens Gardens situated between William and George Streets, the former Government Printing Office contributes to both streetscapes. Other buildings in the group include the former State Library, former Commissariat Stores and the former Department of Primary Industries Building on William Street; and the former Family Services Building on George Street. Unified by quality design, materials, form, finish and workmanship, this group of visually cohesive buildings dominate the southern edge of the central business district, adjacent to the north bank of the Brisbane River. The view down, and access along, Stephens Lane enhances the visual appreciation of the former Government Printing Office and former Land Administration Building.</p><br>
<p>The buildings within the complex display a high degree of design and workmanship internally and externally. The 1872-74 William Street building is differentiated within the precinct by its distinctively steeply pitched roof form, awnings, arcade and dark face-brickwork skilfully relieved with stone detailing. The 1887 Stephens Lane building and its 1910-12 George Street wing share a uniformity and convention in scale symmetry and classical detailing with the other George Street government buildings. The detailing of the George Street entrance with sculpted stone printers&#39; devils over the entry is of particular aesthetic value.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The site has a long and close association with the Queensland Government Printing Office, a department which played an important role in the administration of Queensland through its dissemination of government information to the public.</p><br>
<p>The Independence Mines, now Independence Mine State Historic Park, is the site of a former gold mining operation in the Talkeetna Mountains, across Hatcher Pass from Palmer, Alaska. The area&#39;s mining history dates to at least 1897, when active claims were reported in the vicinity of Fishook Creek. These early mining efforts were eventually joined to form the Wasilla Mining Company, which worked the mines from 1934 to 1943, and again from 1948 to 1950. The mining operation at Independence was the second-largest hard-rock gold mining operation in the state, after a larger site near Juneau. The company and the miners that preceded it built a substantial mining camp, with as many as sixteen wood frame buildings, which were originally connected to each other by sheltered wooden "tunnels". When the company ended operations in 1950, it had expected to eventually resume operations, but never did; this resulted in a particularly well-preserved collection of mining equipment and buildings, although the weather has since taken a significant toll on the latter.</p><br>
<p>The mining camp was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. The land was donated to the state in 1980, which established a state historic park on the site.</p><br>
<p>Gayton Hall is a country house in Gayton Farm Road, Gayton, Merseyside, England. It was built in the 17th century and refaced in the following century. The house is constructed in brick with stone dressings, and has an Ionic doorcase. William of Orange stayed in the house in 1690. In the grounds is a dovecote dated 1663. Both the house and the dovecote are recorded in the National Heritage List for England as designated Grade II* listed buildings.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Gayton Hall was built in the 17th century, and refaced in the early 18th century. It was the home of the Glegg family. William of Orange stayed with William Glegg in the house on his way to Ireland in 1690. During the 20th century the house was converted into flats and the stables into garages.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house is constructed in brick on a moulded stone base, and has stone dressings and a slate roof. It is in three storeys, and has a southwest front of nine bays, the central three bays projecting forward. There are stone bands between the storeys, quoins on the corners, and at the top of the house is a cornice and a parapet. There is a central doorcase with engaged fluted Ionic columns and an open pediment with scrolls and, in the seventh bay, there is a projecting porch. The windows are sashes with keystones, the windows in the lower two floors having 12 panes, and those in the top floor have 16 panes. The northwest face is in four bays, and contains similar windows. The southeast face has two unequal gables, with casement windows in the ground floor. At the rear the central two bays are recessed with gables, and contain casement windows. These are flanked on each side by three bays containing sash windows. Projecting from the left three bays is a single-storey kitchen wing with a first floor terrace and a balustrade. Inside the house are two Jacobean staircases with turned balusters and square newels surmounted by ball finials.</p><br>
<h2>Dovecote</h2><br>
<p>In the grounds to the north of the house is an octagonal dovecote built in brick on a stone base with stone dressings. The entrance has flush quoins and a plain lintel inscribed with the date 1663 and the initials "EG" (for Edward Glegg). There are two vertical bull&#39;s eye openings, one above the doorway, and the other at the rear. Inside there are nesting boxes for 1,000 birds.</p><br>
<h2>Appraisal</h2><br>
<p>The hall and the dovecote were both designated as Grade II* listed buildings on 15 November 1962. Grade II* is the middle of the three grades of listing and is applied to "particularly important buildings of more than special interest". Hartwell et al in the Buildings of England series describe the southwest front as "handsome".</p><br>
<p>The Samuel D. Philbrook House is a historic house at 162 Main Street in Bethel, Maine. Built in 1878-79 by a local businessman, it is probably the most elaborate Italianate residence in the community, and one of the finest of the type in Oxford County. It now houses a retail space in the first floor and attached barn, with living space above. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Philbrook House is a two story wood frame structure, three bays wide, with a hip roof and a granite foundation. The roughly square main block has a 1-1/2 story ell extending from its rear, joining it to a large barn/carriage house, all of which are of similar vintage construction. The house is proportioned in typical Italianate fashion, with its somewhat block shape elaborated with significant decorative woodwork. The main (east-facing) facade has a center entry sheltered by an elaborate hood, and is flanked by projecting polygonal bays with wood panel sections below the windows, and a bracketed cornice above. The main roof line is modillioned, and there is a gable centered above the entrance, in which there is a half-round window with keystone. The roof is topped by a square cupola with paired round-arch windows on each side, and a bracketed cornice below a flared pyramidal roof.</p><br>
<p>The property on which the house stands was purchased in 1858 by Samuel Delano Philbrook, a native of Gilead who was a successful cattle dealer and later president of a local bank. The existing structures on the property burned in 1878, and he apparently rebuilt immediately thereafter, constructing this house and barn. The Philbrooks lived here until their deaths. In the 20th century the property served as a time as an inn and as a health center, and now houses a retail establishment, with a living space above.</p><br>
<p>The Acadian Village is a museum of Acadian heritage on United States Route 1 in Van Buren, Maine. The museum includes a complex of six historic buildings  in which the life and work of 19th-century French-Americans is showcased; this complex has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The museum is open daily between June to September.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>In addition to a split-log visitor center built in 1976, the museum includes five wood-frame structures built in the mid-19th century: three houses, a schoolhouse, and a blacksmith&#39;s shop. The church, a rough log structure also built in 1976, is a reproduction of a typical 18th-century Acadian church. All of the buildings are either one or 1-1/2 stories in height, with gabled roofs. They are built using either log construction or wood framing. The Morneault House, for example, is a log structure with the logs exposed inside, and is finished on the outside with clapboards. It served as an early post office in the region. The Village Schoolhouse is a wood frame structure, built in 1875, and is also finished with clapboards. It was originally located in Hamlin, and is believed to be the oldest schoolhouse in the region.</p><br>
<p>These buildings were not originally located at this site, having been moved from elsewhere in the region by the museums organizing body, LHeritage Vivant. They represent surviving elements of early French-American Acadian culture, which originally settled the area in the 1780s, and remained through a border dispute between Maine and New Brunswick in the first half of the 19th century. When the border dispute was resolved without bloodshed with the 1842 Webster-Ashburton Treaty, the Acadian community was divided between the two jurisdictions.</p><br>
<p>The Point Neighborhood Historic District, also known as Stage Point, is a predominantly residential historic district just south of downtown Salem, Massachusetts. It is a densely built, roughly rectangular grid of streets east of Lafayette Street, south of the South River, west of Congress Street, and north of Chase and Leavitt Streets. This area was the target of a major redevelopment effort undertaken by the city after a fire swept through it in 1914. With many multiunit residential buildings constructed in just three years, the architecture of the area is remarkably cohesive. Commercial development is generally restricted to the fringes of the area, on Lafayette Street  and Congress Street.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<p>The Fred Gottschalk Grocery Store is a historic grocery store building located at 301 West Edwards Street in Springfield, Illinois. Fred Gottschalk opened his first store at the site in 1887; he built the present building in 1898. The brick building has a Commercial style design with a cast iron storefront and a corbelled cornice. The store, one of several groceries in the area, served many of Springfield&#39;s prominent politicians and their families; it also allowed its customers to purchase goods by telephone. Gottschalk and his son Arthur ran the store until 1971; the building is now one of the few surviving neighborhood groceries in Springfield.</p><br>
<p>The store was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 18, 1985.</p><br>
<p>The George M. Brinkerhoff House is a historic house located at 1500 North 5th Street in Springfield, Illinois. Businessman George M. Brinkerhoff commissioned the house in 1869; it was completed the following year. Architect Elijah E. Myers designed the Italian Villa style house. The -story brick house features a Gothic-inspired tower on its southwest corner; the tower was originally four stories tall but was shortened in 1960. The houses design includes angled porches, brick quoins on the corners, bracketed eaves, a dentillated cornice, and Myers signature ornamental rope trim. After Brinkerhoff died in 1928, Springfield College bought the house to serve as its main building.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 18, 1978.</p><br>
<p>The River Delvin  is a river of north County Dublin, about 18 km long and forming much of the Dublin-Meath boundary. It is largely under the responsibility of Fingal County Council, sometimes shared with Meath County Council.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The Delvin rises north west of the village of Garristown, from which Garristown Stream joins it, and flows in a north easterly direction, forming much of the Dublin-Meath county boundary. It passes just north of the village of Naul, where there are cliffs of around 20 metres, a 5 metre natural fall, and a small private hydro-electric plant on an artificial cascade, and then runs east of Stamullen, before crossing Gormanston.</p><br>
<p>From there it turns in a north easterly direction and flows for about 16 km before entering the Irish Sea at Knocknagin,</p><br>
<p>The Delvin has a number of tributaries, including the more substantial Bartramstown River and Stablestown Stream, and the smaller Silver Stream. It once powered at least one mill, and today there is at least one small hydroelectric plant on its course.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>Trout fishing on these rivers takes place from February to September. Trout fishing is usually catch a release; spinner reel fishing on one shore is allowed. Most trout are in the 2 pound range.</p><br>
<p>The Percy and Wagner Almshouses are a group of 12 almshouses in the inner-city Hanover area of the English coastal city of Brighton and Hove. The first six date from 1795 and are among the few pre-19th-century buildings left in the city. Six more were added in a matching style in 1859. They are the only surviving almshouses in Brighton and have been listed at Grade II for their architectural and historical importance.</p><br>
<p>The six original houses were the first buildings in the Lewes Road valley: when they were built, the nearest houses were a long way to the south at Old Steine. No more than tiny cottages, the almshouses were intended for poor widows who lived within the parish of Brighton. The additional houses of 1859 were provided for unmarried women. The houses, which were sometimes occupied by more than one resident, served the same purpose for over a century until they fell into dereliction in the 1960s. They were saved from demolition in the 1970s and were rebuilt instead, and are still occupied.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lewes Road originated as one of the main turnpiked routes out of Brighton. Like London Road, it led northwards along a valley floor. It was crossed by an ancient west–east trackway which by the end of the 18th century was used by visitors walking to the new racecourse on Whitehawk Hill. This later became Elm Grove, an important road.</p><br>
<p>The first buildings on Lewes Road were the first six of what later became the Percy and Wagner Almshouses. When they were erected in 1795, in "quite isolated position" near the Elm Grove junction, they were known as the Percy Almshouses (or Percy Alms Houses) because they commemorated Dorothea and Philadelphia Percy, two of the daughters of Hugh Percy, 2nd Duke of Northumberland. Their friend Margaret Marriot paid for the houses, which were intended for "six poor widows who were members of the Church of England within the parish of Brighton" (i.e. the area served by St Nicholas&#39; Church) and who did not receive poor relief. The endowment provided by Marriot provided an income which was used to buy clothes for each resident. Brighton department store Hanningtons supplied each widow with two gowns valued between 12 and 15 shillings, a duffel cloak "not to exceed in value 21 shillings nor less than 18 shillings" in alternate years, and a black bonnet once every three years to a maximum value of 10 shillings. Any remaining money was divided equally between the residents on a quarterly basis. This amounted to about £48 per year at first between the six residents, but the endowment was later increased to £96 when the six additional houses were built. The clothing allowance was also changed to provide two gowns and bonnets every year and a duffel cloak once every three years.</p><br>
<p>The almshouses originally "stood in open country" opposite one corner of The Level, a large area of common land used for fairs and recreational activities. An 1807 watercolour shows the six original houses surrounded by a low stone wall with fields on all sides. Hilly Laine (the site of the future Hanover and Elm Grove residential areas) rises behind the buildings. They were Brighton&#39;s first Gothic Revival non-ecclesiastical buildings, and the same style was adopted in 1859 when they were added to. Three were built on each side of the original block, which were then renumbered between 4 and 9. The new houses were built in memory of Frederick Hervey, 1st Marquess of Bristol, who died in 1859, and were paid for by Vicar of Brighton Henry Michell Wagner and his sister Mary. They were intended for "six poor maidens".</p><br>
<p>The United Kingdom Census 1861 revealed that none of the Wagner almshouses were occupied yet. The six Percy almshouses were still numbered 1–6 and were all occupied, mostly by elderly widows—although there were also two unmarried women, one married woman (who shared number 2 with an 87-year-old widow) and an 8-year-old boy who was the grandson of a widow living at number 5. the other nine occupants of the six houses were from a wide range of counties across southern and western England. Despite their small size, three of the six houses were occupied by either two or three residents. By the time of the United Kingdom Census 1891, all twelve houses had residents; they were split equally between unmarried women and widows, and some still had more than one occupant. One resident from this era was a former servant to Rev. Wagner, who left her money in his will. Most residents of that era would have been like her: "respectable working ladies of no independent means".</p><br>
<p>The ordering of clothing from Hanningtons continued until the early 20th century, but residents were later given a financial allowance instead. The almshouses were repaired in 1901 and were connected to the gas and water mains in 1930. Gradually, though, the houses fell into a state of dilapidation.</p><br>
<p>The Percy and Wagner Almshouses were listed at Grade II on 5 March 1971. English Heritage defines Grade II-listed buildings as "nationally important and of special interest". As of February 2001, there were 1,124 Grade II-listed buildings and structures, and 1,218 listed buildings of all grades, in the city of Brighton and Hove. Hanover Crescent, another terrace of Grade II-listed houses, have adjoined the almshouses since the 1820s.</p><br>
<p>No other almshouses survive in Brighton. The Howells Almshouses on George Street in Kemptown were demolished after falling derelict in the 1960s; they had been built in 1859 by Charles Howell "for the benefit of the reduced inhabitants of Brighton and Hove". Pilgrims Cottages had been built seven years earlier and were also demolished in the 1960s. They were on Spa Street (now vanished) in the Queen&#39;s Park area.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The almshouses are simple, "plain" two-storey cottages of yellow stock brick laid in the Flemish bond pattern. The six original houses have an 11-bay range and feature castellation along the parapet. The later houses on the south and north sides were added in the same style, so the façade is now of 23 bays in a 4–2–3–5–2–4 pattern. Each house has two sash windows with glazing bars in a pointed-arched style in keeping with the Gothic Revival architecture of the houses. The two houses in the middle have just six windows between them, three on each storey, and also have a centrally placed ogee-headed entrance. Each house also has its own entrance set under a smaller pointed arch. The roof is of slate, and a chimneystack sits on top of each party wall.</p><br>
<p>The founders are commemorated by inscriptions and plaques. At parapet level in the centre of the terrace is an inscription reading "THESE ALMS HOUSES were erected and endowed at the request of the late PHILADELPHIA and DOROTHY PERCY A D 1795". Number 3, one of the 1859 houses, has a plaque reading "1859 In pious remembrance of The Marquis of Bristol M.A.W. and H.M.W" across four lines.</p><br>
<p>As a non-ecclesiastical Gothic-style building, the Percy and Wagner Almshouses are almost unique in Brighton: the remnants of Gothic House in Western Road (now part of a shop) by Amon Henry Wilds and Wykeham Terrace (attributed to the same architect) near St Nicholas&#39; Church are the only other examples.</p><br>
<p>Our Lady of Victories Catholic Church is a heritage-listed war memorial church at 29 Cintra Road, Bowen Hills, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Hall & Prentice and built from 1919 to 1962. It is also known as White Temple of Peace. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 11 November 1996.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Our Lady of Victories Church was constructed by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Brisbane in 1924-5 as a Memorial to Roman Catholic soldiers and sailors who fell during World War I. The church was designed by prolific Brisbane architects Messrs Thomas Ramsay Hall and George Gray Prentice.</p><br>
<p>Our Lady of Victories was the first Church built for the newly created Bowen Hills parish during a period of unprecedented growth in building stock of the Roman Catholic Church in Queensland after James Duhig was appointed as Archbishop in 1917. Duhig had served as Co-adjator Archbishop to his aging predecessor, Archbishop Robert Dunne since 1912 and it was from this time that Duhig planned immense growth within the Church. This growth was manifest by the large number of churches, schools, convents and presbyteries built increasing the church&#39;s presence in Queensland. In the 16 years between 1912 and 1928 over 100 Roman Catholic churches were constructed in the Brisbane Archdiocese.</p><br>
<p>In November 1917 Duhig purchased part of an old estate known as Folkstone belonging to William Perry. In 1866 Perry bought the property which contained an early 1860s timber bungalow thought to have been built for a Mr Keand. The property initially belonged to James Gibbon who acquired a deed of grant from the New South Wales Government over the land in 1857. After acquisition by the Perry family numerous changes were made to the bungalow and it was given the name Folkstone. The Perry family were well known in Brisbane as ironmongers since 1860 and a building, Perry House, at the corner of Albert and Elizabeth Streets in Brisbane still bears the family name. In about 1912 the bungalow was destroyed by fire and subsequently the block was sub-divided allowing the Archbishop to purchase the land and propose the construction of a church in the newly created parish.</p><br>
<p>The foundation stone for the memorial church was laid on 24 August 1919 by the Apostolic Delegate, Bishop Bartolomeo Cattaneo "to the Glory of God and in memory of the Catholic Sailors and Soldiers of Queensland who fought and died in the Great European War 1914-1919". A publication detailing the development of the Catholic Church in Queensland, Catholic Progress 1912-1919, contained a lengthy article on the Soldiers Memorial Church at Bowen Hills then in planning stages. The article was illustrated with plans and elevations of a large brick and cement Gothic church featuring an enormous tower and spire extending some 124 feet. The plans were drawn by Messrs Hall and Prentice. The reason for the alteration in building design is unknown; though obviously the Spanish mission building constructed was much less expensive than the elaborate and massive building initially intended for the site.</p><br>
<p>The church which was eventually blessed and opened on 26 April 1925 by Archbishop Duhig was constructed by H. Cheetham costing £9435, which included £400 for the architects, Messrs Hall and Prentice. The church, called Our Lady of Victories Church, was designed in a manner incorporating many Spanish mission elements, a style of influence and popularity in Australia during the inter-war period. Popularised by movies from Hollywood during the 1920s and 1930s, the Spanish mission style was inspired by picturesque Californian Spanish missions. Many of the external details on the Bowen Hills church suggest a strong influence of this style, most obviously in the baroque parapeted gables, groups of round-headed arched openings, textured stucco render and several semi-octagonal projections. The interior of the church does not exhibit the strong stylistic intention apparent externally.</p><br>
<p>Hall and Prentice formed when TR Hall formed a partnership with GG Prentice in 1919. The partnership was responsible for several notable examples of Spanish mission inspired architecture in south-east Queensland. Examples include two bathing pavilions (1934) and a surf life saving club (1936) at Southport and Breffney, a large house in Clayfield (1929). The Spanish mission style was used for other Queensland churches, thought to be an appropriate style for sub-tropical weather and an appropriate use of what was an ecclesiastical inspired style. Churches with Spanish Mission features include St Peters Roman Catholic Church in Rockhampton; Our Lady of the Chain Roman Catholic Church, Mareeba (1936) designed by VM Brown; Holy Trinity Church at Woolloongabba (1930) designed by Chambers and Ford and St Anne&#39;s at Kalinga, designed in 1934 by Hennessey and Hennessey.</p><br>
<p>When the church was opened, Our Lady of Victories was regarded as quite unique. The report in a local Catholic newspaper, The Age, regarded "its mission type of architecture...the first of its kind in Australia". The report continued on to describe the large electrically illuminated cross which surmounted the tower, as a perpetual light commemorating the armed forces of World War I. Many other details in the church manifested its intention as the principal Roman Catholic war memorial in Brisbane; the coloured glass panels depicting the First Australian Imperial Force AIF symbol of the rising sun; and an honour roll at the base of the tower (since removed).</p><br>
<p>The first parish priest appointed to Bowen Hills was Reverend Father ES Barry, a former Armed Forces chaplain. In 1920 land, also part of the Perry Estate, was purchased adjacent to the church block by James Duhig for the construction of a presbytery. A school was constructed to the north west of the church, the foundations stone for which was laid on 18 September 1921 by Duhig.</p><br>
<p>It is suggested that the Bowen Hills parish was never particularly large and this was a principal reason explaining why Archbishop Duhig handed the church and parish over to the Polish Community in Brisbane in 1955. In October of that year Franciscan Brothers of the Capuchin Order in Australia were appointed to the parish of Bowen Hills and undertook to provide services in both English and Polish, a tradition which continues in 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Polish community remain at the church and have made very little changes to the building fabric. A shrine to Our Lady of Czestochowa was erected near the altar in 1962 to commemorate 1000 years of Christianity in Poland (966-1966). A memorial plaque was attached to the eastern facade of the building in 1980 to honour the "memory of 14 000 Polish Prisoners of War massacred by Soviet Forces at Katyn and elsewhere in USSR in 1940." Another cairn memorial was moved recently from the Polish Community Centre in Capalaba to the southern side of the building, commemorating Polish soldiers who fought during World War</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Our Lady of Victories Catholic Church is sited near the apex of Bowen Hill, overlooking the Brisbane River. It is on a large site incorporating a presbytery to the east and a school and scout hall to the west. The church addresses both Roche and Boyd Streets.</p><br>
<p>The building is essentially rectangular in plan, running east west, with shallow transepts toward the western end of the north and south facades. Semi-octagonal recesses are found as small entrance vestibules on the transept ends, as the sanctuary and vestry of the church, as altar recesses in the side chapels flanking the principal altar and in a baptistry toward the eastern end of the southern facade. The burnt-orange terracotta-tiled roof is generally gabled with hips to the polygonal projections. The building is constructed from re-inforced concrete the exterior is rendered with textured stucco, except to mouldings which are smoothly rendered.</p><br>
<p>Dominating the building visually is a large square planned tower abutting the eastern end of the northern facade. The tower, which extends for 90 feet has long narrow rectangular openings on its shaft and shallow balcony-like sections of concreted balustrading supported on decorative moulded corbels. These balconies are found on each of the four sides and are accessible by door openings on the top level of the tower. Heavy mouldings define the upper limits of the tower above which is a bell shaped cupola roof clad with copper sheeting and surmounted by an illuminated Latin cross.</p><br>
<p>The principal eastern facade faces the Brisbane River, looking toward the bend where the Bulimba and Hamilton Reaches converge. The elevation is symmetrically composed and defined by a decorative parapeted gabled, where a moulded capping follows the curves and notches of a Cape Dutch gable outline. Featured on the elevation are several groups of round headed arched openings; a porch/loggia is formed by a recess separated from a wide concrete stairway by an arcade of three arched openings supported on large cast iron columns; centrally located on the facade above this is a doubled arched opening with a lightly-framed Juliet balcony flanked by groups of three arched window openings. Centrally placed near the apex of the parapet is a large diamond mullioned "rose" window. Surmounting the apex of the gable is a masonry Latin cross.</p><br>
<p>The north and south facades have five evenly spaced round headed arched openings separated by shallow smoothly rendered pilasters. The windows are composed from two strips of four top-hinged hoppers filled with diamond mullioned glass, above which is placed a semi circular window glazed with a leadlight panel depicting a rising sun. The transepts of the church, on the north and south facades feature similar, but smaller, versions of the eastern parapeted gable. Doorways are formed in the semi-octagonal recesses centrally located on the transepts. Long round-headed arched openings are found on the octagonal projection and flanking this, on the face of the transept end.</p><br>
<p>The western facade has two parapeted gable walls, one slightly smaller in front of a larger version, defining the chancel space. The smaller gabled wall is abutted by a single storeyed semi-octagonal projection housing the vestry.</p><br>
<p>The porch on the eastern facade houses a recessed porch and the walls of the porch have been smooth rendered and scribed with ashlar stonework joints. The double entrance door of timber is surmounted by a semi-circular fan light of leadlight depicting the rising sun and cross.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the church does not reflect the Spanish mission dictum influencing the design of the exterior. The interior has a concrete floor with sections of ceramic tile and carpeting added more recently, the internal walls are plaster rendered. The ceiling, which is diagonally timber boarded in alternating sections, rakes downward on the long sides of the building. The internal layout is very simple, with timber pews facing toward an altar area comprising a low marble platform on which a marble altar table. Behind this in the chancel with a marble high altar. The shallow chancel is side lit by long round-headed arched windows, and separated from the body of the church by a large round headed arched opening and smaller double arched openings separating the transepts.</p><br>
<p>To the north and south of the entrance doors are two small rooms, the southern one a former baptistery and to the north the base of the tower. Inside the tower is a steep open tread timber stair which leads to a top floor where four door openings give access to shallow balconies. The timber stair also gives access to a gallery, supported on cast iron columns, which lines the eastern, rear face of the interior of the Church. Provision is given off the gallery for access to the small Juliet balcony on the eastern facade of the building.</p><br>
<p>The arched window openings which line the north and south walls of the church are housed in arched recesses, in the spandrels of which sit the corbelled supports of the timber ceiling joists. The windows are glazed with diamond mullioned glass in varying shades of blue and green forming geometric patterns.</p><br>
<p>Notable fittings in the church include the marble high altar, confessional boxes, stations of the cross, a shrine to Our Lady of Czestochowa and statues in the side altar recesses. The high altar is of white marble with green marble detailing and is centrally placed within the chancel below a "rose" window glazed with coloured glass depicting a crown and cross within a circle surmounted by a fleur-di-lis. Two timber confessional boxes are found at the rear of the church. These are separated into three small rooms with a small perforated timber panel with sliding closing panel in the two internal connecting walls. The timber framed stations of the cross are surmounted by a broken pedimented entablature similar to those which surmount the two confessional boxes.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Our Lady of Victories Catholic Church was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 11 November 1996 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Our Lady of Victories Church demonstrates the Catholic ethos of utilising prominent Brisbane sites with landmark buildings in a time of Church expansion during the early tenure of Archbishop Duhig who sought to increase the presence of the Catholic Church in Brisbane. The church is a memorial to Catholic soldiers and sailors and demonstrates the widespread construction of memorials after World War I. The building, which has been managed by the Polish community in Brisbane for many years, also demonstrates the influx of European migrants after the Second World War.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The building is a rare example of a Catholic church built as a war memorial to World War I. Many features of the church reflect this initial purpose including glazing, memorial plaques and an illuminated cross surmounting the tower.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The building is a good example of a Catholic church built during the "golden years" of the church in Brisbane as a prominent landmark. The church is a good and early Brisbane example of a Catholic church designed with in the stylistic canon of Spanish Mission architecture.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Our Lady of Victories Church has aesthetic value; it is a well composed building with Spanish mission elements which contribute to its picturesqueness. It is a prominently sited landmark in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The building, which has been managed by the Polish community in Brisbane for many years, also demonstrates the influx of European migrants after the Second World War.</p><br>
<p>The Church has strong associations with the Catholic Church community in Brisbane, particularly Polish Catholics who have managed the building for about 40 years.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Our Lady of Victories Church demonstrates the Catholic ethos of utilising prominent Brisbane sites with landmark buildings in a time of Church expansion during the early tenure of Archbishop Duhig who sought to increase the presence of the Catholic Church in Brisbane. The church is a memorial to Catholic soldiers and sailors and demonstrates the widespread construction of memorials after World War I.</p><br>
<p>The church is strongly associated with Archbishop Duhig, who bought the site initially and planned the construction of a church in the newly created Bowen Hills parish.</p><br>
<p>The Oscar Gill House is a historic house at 1344 West Tenth Avenue in the South Addition neighborhood of Anchorage, Alaska. It is one of Anchorages oldest buildings. It is a two story wood frame structure, three bays wide, with a side gable roof. The bays are asymmetrically arranged, with a single-window bay on the right and a double-window bay on the left. The center bay is taken up by a projecting gable-roofed vestibule, in which the door is slightly off-center. The houses modest Craftsman style includes extended eaves with exposed rafter ends, and it has retained original interior flooring and woodwork. The house was built in 1913 by Oscar Gill in the  town of Knik at the head of Knik Arm. When Anchorage was established in 1916, Gill had the house barged across the inlet, and it stood at 918 West Tenth Avenue for many decades. The house was removed from that site in 1982 to accommodate expansion of the Anchorage Pioneer Home, one of many historic houses throughout downtown Anchorage which fell victim to a real estate and building boom that intensified in 1982 and 1983. Unlike other similar structures, most of which spent years in storage on municipally-owned land but were eventually demolished, this house was spared. It sat on a vacant lot on P Street, across from the western end of the Delaney Park Strip, for approximately a decade and a half before being moved to its present location. The house has been operated as a bed and breakfast establishment since that time.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Old Cleveland Road Tramway Tracks is a heritage-listed tramway at Old Cleveland Road, Carina, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1948 by Brisbane City Council. It is also known as Belmont Electric Tramway. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 March 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Old Cleveland Road tramway tracks were laid in 1948 by Brisbane City Council as part of Brisbane&#39;s tramway system. They replaced earlier tracks belonging to the Belmont Tramway, constructed in 1912 by the Belmont Shire Council. The line ceased operation in 1969 when the entire Brisbane tramway system was closed by the Brisbane City Council.</p><br>
<p>Trams were a feature of the Brisbane cityscape for over eighty years. The first, horse-drawn trams plied their way from North Quay to Breakfast Creek and the Exhibition Building in 1885. Until 1922 the tramway was operated by private companies who saw the potential of a tramway to aid the sale of land. During this period, trams were changed from horse-powered, to electric, and the tramway network grew from 20 cars servicing 24 kilometres of tramway lines, to 181 cars travelling along 68 kilometres of double track. One extension of the period was that which stretched from Stones Corner to Coorparoo, and which, when opened in 1909, formed the nucleus of later extensions to Camp Hill and Belmont (now Carina).</p><br>
<p>Early in the twentieth century, Belmont was a sparsely populated, "outer" suburb of Brisbane, under the control of the Belmont Shire Council. The area did not enjoy the services of the Brisbane tramway network, to which the Belmont Council responded with the construction of the Belmont (steam) Tramway, opened in May 1912. It was a narrow-gauge tramway track of 1,067 mm, laid with 42-pound rails on timber sleepers. The line was operated by the Railway Department with two return trips each day except Sundays. This was later increased to three and four trains per day to attract suburban growth. In 1922, the Belmont Shire Council lobbied for a railway to Redland Bay to extend the Belmont Tramway. The suggestion was rejected however, and the line was constructed via Cleveland instead. The Belmont Shire Council did not have the resources to continue the operation of the tramway, and the line closed on 16 April 1924.</p><br>
<p>From 1 January 1923, Brisbanes tramways passed into government ownership. The Brisbane Tramway Trust, under the authority of the Queensland Government, controlled the tramways until the creation of Greater Brisbane in 1925. During this time, the Trust was very active in acquiring new tram cars, and making an extension of 11 kilometres to the citys track network. One extension, completed in January 1925, was along the Coorparoo line to Camp Hill, from Cavendish Road to Bruce Street.</p><br>
<p>In December 1925, the Brisbane City Council inherited the 80 kilometre Brisbane tramway network, as well as the former Belmont Shire Council&#39;s Tramway. The Belmont Tramway had reopened in April 1925, however this proved to be a temporary arrangement. The losses incurred in the running of the line led to its second and final closure in October 1926. Belmont residents were linked by private feeder bus to the Brisbane electric tramway network, and the rails of the Belmont Tramway were removed in 1935.</p><br>
<p>With the Brisbane City Councils acquisition of the Brisbane tramway network, the upgrading and extension of the system continued. Large numbers of new trams were built and in 1933-34 the Councils distinctive technique of mass concrete tram tracks were first used extensively in Queen Street. Steel ties were used instead of sleepers, with the whole of the track, except on curves, set in solid concrete. Standard railway rails were used with a groove in the concrete for the wheel flange, and guard plates were bolted to the rails on curves to form a groove. These concrete tracks required less maintenance, and formed an excellent road surface for other vehicles.</p><br>
<p>In the years following the Second World War, Brisbane experienced a housing boom which induced the Brisbane City Council to extend its electric tramway network. Belmont (now Carina) was one of the new housing areas to be serviced by an extension to the Coorparoo tramline, opened in July 1948. The new portion of the line ran from Bruce Street to Mayfield Road, and constituted a double-track route extension of 1,550 metres. The remnant surviving along Old Cleveland Road forms part of the 1948 line extension. This track was a standard-gauge track (1,435 mm) consisting of steel sleepers and 80-pound rail set in mass concrete. Of the 1,550-metre extension, 664 metres utilised the road-bed of the former Belmont Tramway, between Orwell Street and Mayfield Road.</p><br>
<p>Extension of the tramway network continued throughout the 1950s. By 1959 more than 140 kilometres were laid in mass concrete. Mondays to Fridays, a total of 246 trams provided morning peak services, while evening peak traffic requirements needed 296 cars. Throughout the day, each route was serviced by a tram every ten minutes. During the following decade, however, various influences led to the eventual closure of Brisbane&#39;s tram system in April 1969. In September 1962, the Paddington tram depot was burnt to the ground with the loss of 65 trams, or twenty per cent of the council fleet. Three years later, a report on the future transport and traffic requirements of Brisbane, the Wilbur Smith Plan, was released. The report recommended the closure of the tramway system via a tram to bus conversion program. To this end, express buses were introduced along the Belmont and Mount Gravatt tram routes as supplementary services in 1966, followed by the addition of express buses to four more tram routes in 1967. In this year, an order for 204 rear engine diesel buses was increased to 340. In 1967-68, the Belmont route was cut back forty metres along Old Cavendish Road, to Jones Road. On 21 June 1968, Lord Mayor Clem Jones officially announced the conversion of all tramway routes to diesel bus operation, to be effected during the 1968-69 financial year.</p><br>
<p>Brisbanes tramway system closed on 13 April 1969. The final day had a carnival atmosphere, and an estimated 73,000 people used the tramway on the last day. The Paddington depot fire and the Wilbur Smith Plan were important influences on the City Councils decision to abandon tram services; however other trends also contributed to its demise. The increasing ownership of the private motor car; urban sprawl which saw more and more families move to outer suburbs not connected to the tram system, and lack of investment in the technological development of trams compared with diesel buses, all contributed to the conversion of Brisbane&#39;s trams to buses. With the closure of the Brisbane trams, Melbourne became the only Australian capital with a large scale tramway system.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Old Cleveland Road Tramway Tracks stretch for a distance of approximately 625 metres along the centre of Old Cleveland Road, from Jones Road to Orwell Street. They are a double line set in a concrete "pavement" approximately four metres wide. A grassed verge follows both sides of the concrete pavement for most of the tracks&#39; distance. Shrubs and small trees are sparsely scattered along the grassed areas.</p><br>
<p>The tramway tracks are standard gauge, with a width of 1,435 millimetres, and are laid using 80-pound rails (except on curves). The curves near Orwell and Wonersh Streets are a heavier grooved, or guarded rail.</p><br>
<p>Near the Jones Road end of the tramway tracks, a section of the concrete and steel tramway is used for parking. The tramway tracks are clearly visible in this section and the creation and use of the parking facilities have had little impact on the tramway. Small traffic islands have been constructed over the tram lines at two intervals along the remainder of the tramway tracks where streets intersect with Old Cleveland Road.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Old Cleveland Road Tramway Tracks was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 March 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Old Cleveland Road Tramway Tracks are important in demonstrating the pattern of Queenslands history as this portion of the tramway utilised the road bed of the earlier Belmont Tramway, established in 1912 by the Belmont Shire Council. Throughout Queensland, various Shire Councils undertook the construction of tramways which often represented a significant capital investment for relatively small communities. The tramway tracks also demonstrate the pattern of Queenslands history as an example of the Brisbane tramway system which operated from 1885 until 1969. The tramway tracks also demonstrate the expansion of the system into new residential suburbs in the post World War II era. The eventual closure of the tramway system further demonstrates the evolution of Queensland&#39;s history, as the forces of urban sprawl, the predominance of the motor car, and the perceived future transport needs of Brisbane city influenced the decision to close the tramway.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Old Cleveland Road Tramway Tracks demonstrate rare aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage as some of the last visible remnant tramway tracks in Brisbane. Other tracks have been removed, or covered over with bitumen road surfacing.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Old Cleveland Road Tramway Tracks have the potential to yield information about the construction of mass concrete tramway tracks.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>Old Cleveland Road Tramway Tracks are important in demonstrating a high degree of technical achievement. Brisbane City Council pioneered the use of mass concrete tram tracks; in other cities concrete had been used as a foundation only.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Old Cleveland Road Tramway Tracks have a special association with the work of the Brisbane City Council&#39;s Transport Department who were responsible for the operation of the tramway from 1925 to 1969.</p><br>
<p>The Robinson-Parsons Farm is a historic farmhouse on Town Farm Brook Road in Paris, Maine. This house, a well-preserved Federal style structure whose oldest portion dates to c. 1795, was built by Stephen Robinson, one of the earliest white settlers of the area, and has remained in the hands of his descendants. It is regionally distinctive for its brick side walls, a feature not normally found in rural Maine. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Stephen Robinson, one of the early white settlers of this part of Paris, Maine, acquired the land this house stands on in 1788. Around 1795 he built a two-story wood frame gable-roofed structure, which now serves as the rear ell of the main house. The birth of five daughters prompted the construction of the larger main block, which was completed in 1803. Robinson raised eleven children in the house, and one of his daughters married John Parsons of nearby Norway. This couple inherited the house, and it has since remained in the hands of their descendants.</p><br>
<p>The main block of the his is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, five bays wide, with a side gable roof and four side chimneys in the brick end walls. The main entrance, centered on the east-facing facade, is topped by a fanlight window and flanked by Doric pilasters, which support a lintel with entablature. There are secondary entrances on the side walls. The rear ell joins the house to a barn. The upstairs of the main block features a distinctive hinged wall, enabling the space to be converted into a sizable ballroom for entertainment.</p><br>
<p>Thurstaston Hall is a country house in the village of Thurstaston, Wirral, Merseyside, England. The house is built in stone and brick, it is in two storeys, and it has a U-shaped plan. The oldest part, the west wing, was built in the 14th century, the central block dates from 1680, and the east wing was added in 1836. The hall is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building, and the gate piers in the drive leading to the hall are designated Grade II.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The manor of Thurstaston was given to Robert de Rodelent by Hugh Lupus, Earl of Chester, in 1070. The original manor house was built on a moated site, and the manor passed during the following centuries to the Whitmore and Glegg families. The oldest part of the present hall is the west wing, which dates from the 14th century, and was probably the cross wing of a great hall that formed the central part of the house at that time. The central block was built in 1680, and the east wing was added in 1836.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>Thurstaston Hall has a U-shaped plan with a central block and two wings, and is in two storeys. The 14th-century west wing is in stone. On its east face are two blocked doorways with pointed arches, and on the gable end is a pointed window in the first floor with a hood mould and with stops carved with heads. The west face has a chimney breast and a projection further to the west containing a datestone inscribed with the date 1680. The central block is in brick with stone dressings, and has a symmetrical three-bay front. In the centre is a bolection-moulded doorcase surrounded by unfluted Corinthian half-columns, and a broken pediment containing an armorial shield. Above the doorway is an oval window, and the other windows on the front are mullioned and transomed. At the top of the front is a cornice with blind oval windows and finials. The east wing is in Elizabethan style. At the rear of the hall are service rooms, closets, steps and passageways.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The entrance hall contains a fireplace with bolection moulding. Above this is a re-used 16th-century overmantel in Jacobean style with pilasters and arched panels. The main staircase is in the west wing, and has twisted balusters and flat-topped newels. Two of the smaller rooms contain panelling with bolection moulding. In the principal room of the east wing is a fireplace with Renaissance and Gothic features.</p><br>
<h2>Associated structures</h2><br>
<p>On the driveway to the north of the hall is a pair of stone gate piers dated 1733. They have a cruciform plan, on each face are fluted pilasters, and on the south faces are niches and date panels. At the tops of the piers are entablatures with pulvinated friezes that are surmounted by finials in the form of lions&#39; heads (the Whitmore crest).</p><br>
<h2>Appraisal</h2><br>
<p>Thurstaston Hall was designated a Grade II* listed building on 15 November 1962, and on the same date the gate piers were designated Grade II. Grade II* is the middle of the three grades of listing and is applied to "particularly important buildings of more than special interest". Grade II, the lowest grade, applies to buildings that are "nationally important and of special interest". Hartwell et al in the Buildings of England series describe the hall as being "of charming appearance, tranquil and mellow".</p><br>
<p>Wynnum Ambulance Station is a heritage-listed museum and former ambulance station at 33 Tingal Road, Wynnum, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1926 to 1927. It is also known as the Queensland Ambulance Museum and the QATB Station. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 26 March 1999. It is open by appointment.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A landmark building within the streetscape of Wynnum, the former Wynnum Ambulance Centre is a testament to the considerable community support for the ambulance service. The building is tangible evidence of the reliance of the ambulance service on community goodwill, community financial support, volunteer labour and dedication of ambulance service employees.</p><br>
<p>During the early days of settlement in Brisbane the police assumed responsibility for treating accident victims and from 1884 the Defence Ambulance Corps of the Moreton Regiment shared some of this responsibility.</p><br>
<p>The City Ambulance Transport Brigade (CATB) was formed at a meeting of concerned citizens in September 1892 following the unsatisfactory management of an accident at a horse racing meeting. It was established that the principal object of the Brigade was to render first aid to the wounded and transport the sick and injured to hospital. Headquarters were established in the Courier Building (cnr Queen and Edward Streets, Brisbane). This was the first ambulance service in the world to employ paid staff.</p><br>
<p>Public use of the ambulance service steadily increased and voluntary subscriptions proved insufficient to meet associated outlays. In 1895 the CATB secured supplementary funding with the Queensland State Government agreeing to provide a 1:1 subsidy against subscriptions.</p><br>
<p>The first purpose-built ambulance building for Queensland was constructed in 1897 in Wharf Street, Brisbane. This building established the precedent for subsequent ambulance station designs. The design incorporated a two-storeyed building housing plant and staff facilities at ground level and a residence on the upper level. Large ground floor openings with bi-fold doors allowed ready access directly to the street for quick exit of horse and sulky.</p><br>
<p>During the late 1890s and early 1900s the ambulance service expanded establishing a number of centres throughout Queensland including Charters Towers (1900), Townsville (1900), Rockhampton (1901), Warwick (1901), Ipswich (1901), Toowoomba (1902), Mackay (1903), the heritage-listed Ravenswood Ambulance Station (1904), Cairns (1904) and Bundaberg (1907).</p><br>
<p>In 1902 the Brigade was restructured to better manage the rapidly expanding operations and to recognise the importance and contribution of regional ambulance centres. The reorganised entity became known as the Queensland Ambulance Transport Brigade (QATB). New headquarters were established in Ann Street, Brisbane in 1910.</p><br>
<p>By 1921, the earlier 1897 ambulance station model had developed and refined to become formally accepted as the preferred planning strategy for residential ambulance stations. Station buildings were to be two-storeyed with facilities for garaging, casualty treatment, first aid, sleeping quarters for ambulance bearers and a committee meeting room at ground level; superintendent&#39;s accommodation was provided at the upper level. This two level arrangement was preferred because it allowed the superintendent direct access to his work and as it housed the operations and the residence in one building under one roof it was considered to be more economical than constructing two separate buildings. In larger centres recreational facilities were also provided as well as accommodation for additional staff who slept on the premises. Ambulance stations of substantial scale and street presence were constructed throughout Queensland as a consequence of this policy.</p><br>
<p>Government assistance to QATB continued through direct subsidy and the Department of Public Works was responsible for the design and construction of the ambulance station buildings. From 1927 there were a number of legislative changes culminating in 1991 when the QATB was disbanded and the Queensland Transport Ambulance Service (QAS) was established as a division of the Bureau of Emergency Services.</p><br>
<p>This comment appearing in the Telegraph newspaper in 1902 offers an indication of the community perception of the ambulance service at the time and it may be argued still holds true today: "There are certain established associations working for the benefit of humanity at large. Of such associations the Ambulance Brigade has now become probably one of the most familiar and important. We can scarcely bring ourselves to believe that it has not existed forever. When any association holds this position in the mind, it may be ranked amongst the permanent institutions of society".</p><br>
<p>The ambulance service in Wynnum In the south-east of Brisbane, Wynnum is part of a foreshore along Moreton Bay. From the 1840s, this area became a popular fishing location and many early non-indigenous settlers established farms in the area. The first land sales were conducted in 1860 at Lytton and around Waterloo Bay. The railway link to Cleveland via Wynnum in 1888 was a major impetus to closer settlement with large areas of land being taken up soon after. The district expanded rapidly over the next twenty years until in 1913 the Town Council of Wynnum was constituted. The area became known as a seaside resort and the Wynnum and Manly foreshore area became increasingly popular with day visitors and holiday-makers.</p><br>
<p>Wynnum was perceived to be a "healthy" place to live with its sea breezes, protected beaches, vistas to Moreton Bay, fishing and availability of fresh local produce. The district continued to expand as the number of permanent residents increased; services and infrastructure were introduced; building activity expanded; and civic and community associations were established.</p><br>
<p>The Wynnum ambulance service was an important civic and community association to emerge in response to the expansion of the district. It had it beginnings in 1915 when a first aid post was established in a tent on the beach at Wynnum to serve holiday makers visiting the area during Easter and Christmas holidays.</p><br>
<p>As the catchment area serviced by the Ann Street Ambulance Station of the QATB expanded, sub-branches were established in satellite areas and adjoining municipalities. These were strategically located to link with existing rail infrastructure to provide connections to major hospitals in the Brisbane centre. Wynnum was a suitable location for establishing an ambulance station being the centre of a thriving district and on the rail link to Brisbane. The Wynnum sub-branch was formed in 1919 at a public meeting took temporary accommodation in a cottage at 92 or 95 Tingal Road, Wynnum. The Wynnum Ambulance Station covers the area from Lytton to Redland Bay bordered by Doughboy Creek. Sub-committees were formed for areas within the district: Hemmant, Lindum and Tingalpa; Wynnum and Wynnum South; Manly; Birkdale; Wellington Point; Victoria Point; Redland Bay; Ormiston and Cleveland.</p><br>
<p>In 1920 the Wynnum Ambulance Committee acquired lots 248 and 249 on the corner of Tingal Road and Cedar Street, Wynnum. This site was well located; close to the railway, on the main road and close to the service district of Wynnum. This was to become the site for the 1927 ambulance station. By 1921 Wynnum was gazetted as a self-governing ambulance centre. Lot 247 was acquired in 1922 and ambulance operations and superintendent&#39;s accommodation transferred to the cottage at 35 Tingal Road, Wynnum. The front verandah functioned as a storage area and casualty room for the fledgling ambulance service until the new purpose-built station opened in 1927. A garage for the ambulance vehicle was constructed at the rear of Lots 248 and 249.</p><br>
<p>In the early days many ambulance volunteers were school teachers. Stretchers were housed at Wynnum Central School and calls for ambulance assistance were directed to the school. The teacher/teachers would place the patient on a train that was met by Brisbane Ambulance bearers at South Brisbane Station</p><br>
<p>Wynnum was a rapidly growing district and accommodation and equipment for the ambulance service soon proved to be inadequate in the face of this expansion. During 1923, the Wynnum community began fundraising for a new purpose-built Wynnum Ambulance Station to be located on the Tingal Road/Cedar Street corner. The enthusiasm of the local community for the new building and the work of the ambulance brigade was evident in the parade of floats, processions and carnival led by mounted police and the South Brisbane Scottish Pipe Band on the day of the laying of the foundation stone. Community support was evident also in their fundraising efforts for the building. By day of the laying of the foundation stone the community had raised £1384/4/5 towards the estimated £4200 construction cost of the proposed building.</p><br>
<p>The foundation stone was laid on 26 January 1926 by Christina Jane Thynne, standing in for her ill husband, Colonel Andrew Joseph Thynne (first President of the QATB Central Executive). At this ceremony she relayed her husbands message that "an ambulance has now become an indisputable part of every town in Queensland. That is a peculiarly Queensland characteristic, and the people are proud of the efficient service... The establishment of a centre is beneficial to any district, not only because of its evidence of one of the highest forms of civic spirit in making provision for the quick and efficient first aid to the sick and injured. It is an effort towards fulfilling one of the noblest principles of Christianity, the love of ones neighbour."</p><br>
<p>On this occasion the Hon. Walter Henry Barnes, Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly for Wynnum for the district observed that "if any one wants to find practical Christianity he could find it among those doing ambulance work. The new, up-to-date premises would be a splendid advertisement for the growing district."</p><br>
<p>The new ambulance station, constructed at a cost of £3284/19/1, was opened on 19 November 1927. The Department of Public Works contributed £750 towards the construction costs with the balance being raised by the Wynnum community. The Architectural and Building Journal of Queensland commented that the Wynnum Ambulance Brigade opened its "commodious premises" on Tingal Road and that "the design is pleasing in effect and marks a valuable step in the march of progress in the Wynnum District." The drawings were prepared by the Department of Public Works and the design is attributed to Leonard Kempster. The contractor was Mr C.R. Schriver.</p><br>
<p>Leonard James Kempster was employed as an architect in the War Office and in private practice in London in 1890s to 1911. From 1911 to 1946 he was employed in the architectural office of the Department of Public Works (Queensland). Kempsters other ambulance work includes the design and documentation of the Childers QATB station in 1924. The Wynnum Ambulance Station building design reflected contemporary thinking for ambulance stations in regional centres. It is a two-storeyed building with the superintendents residence occupying the upper level connected by rear stairs to the lower level. Accommodation for the superintendent was provided upstairs to give the superintendent a better opportunity to attend to the work of the station. The lower level houses the ambulance plant room, office, committee room, bearers&#39; dayroom and bedroom, casualty room and bathroom.</p><br>
<p>A QATB subcentre was established in Cleveland in 1946. As this and other subcentres were established the demand on the Wynnum Ambulance Station eased.</p><br>
<p>From 1940 to 1995 various alterations and additions were made to the sheds, garages and cottages on the property. In the 1940s a garage (2 cars), workshop and store were constructed to the rear of the station on the boundary. In 1995 the superintendent vacated the upper level of the Ambulance Station building. The Tingal Road Ambulance Station ceased operation in 1996 when it was replaced by a new ambulance centre adjacent to Wynnum Hospital at Whites Road, Wynnum.</p><br>
<p>The upper level of the former Wynnum Ambulance Station is presently occupied by the Community Education Unit for the Greater Brisbane Region of the QAS and the lower level houses the Queensland Ambulance Service Historical Society (QASHS) and the Wynnum Historical Society. The QASHS operates the Queensland Ambulance Museum from the premises. Its collection includes several historic ambulances, including a 1926 Arrol Johnson ambulance. The museum is only open by appointment.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>A two-storeyed red face brick building, the former Wynnum Ambulance Station occupies a prominent site on the corner of Tingal Road and Cedar Street, Wynnum with the main elevation to Tingal Road. The building is positioned to the front of the allotment and is highly visible in the streetscape.</p><br>
<p>Sitting on a plinth of blue bricks, the building is symmetrical about a parapeted projecting breakfront. The breakfront has two wide doorways with bifold doors for vehicle access at ground level and two large recessed arched windows at the upper level. The bifold doors to the right hand side doorway have been replaced with aluminium framed glass sliding doors. Prominent cream rendered banding wraps the building and gives emphasis to the corners and the breakfront. The double doorway main entrance is defined by a plain projecting cornice sitting on three heavy brackets. Plain rendered arches with prominent keystones frame the central upper level windows. The letters QATB sit at the top of the parapet below an entablature composed of a plain cornice and chunky dentils. The spandrels below the arched windows contain the words Wynnum Centre. The breakfront is flanked by bays framed by pilasters. At ground level each bay has a single doorway defined by a small plain projecting canopy. The building is crowned by a gambrel tiled roof. A flagpole rises above the parapet.</p><br>
<p>The elevation to Cedar Street is less grand than the main elevation to Tingal Road. As the residential entrance to the superintendent&#39;s living quarters it is of a domestic scale appropriate to the streetscape. Corner pilasters emphasised by vertical rendered banding define the brick portion of this elevation. A timber framed annexe attaches to the right hand side and is clad with weatherboards. An external concrete stair, parallel to the elevation, arrives at the central entrance to the living quarters on the upper level. This entrance has a bifold timber door and is marked by a small bracketed overhang.</p><br>
<p>The rear elevation is obscured by four garage bays each enclosed by a tilt-up door. The corner bays of the Station building are clad with weather boards. The timber upper level verandah has been enclosed with casement windows at a later date.</p><br>
<p>The elevation to the north has corner pilasters emphasised by vertical rendered banding. At ground level the elevation is divided into two equal bays by a pilaster which finishes in a plain cornice separating the upper and lower levels of the elevation. Each lower bay has a sash window.</p><br>
<p>The operational areas of the Station are housed at ground level and the living quarters for the superintendent occupy the upper level. At the ground floor the large entry doorways open into a drive through plant room surrounded by subsidiary spaces including a committee room, office, bathroom, bearers bedroom, bearers dayroom and casualty room. The minor front entrances open into the committee room to the left and the casualty room to the right. A timber platform has been built over the concrete floor to the plant room. The loggia to the rear of the building accommodating a car washing space and laundry has been enclosed with weatherboards and the former rear door to the plant room relocated to the centre of this outer wall. The garages constructed immediately to the rear on a raised concrete plinth have blocked the drive through route of the plant room. Internal stairs in the laundry connect to the residence in the upper level.</p><br>
<p>The residence on the upper level is arranged about a north/south corridor with three bedrooms and dining room fronting Tingal Road and kitchen, sitting room and a bedroom opening to a verandah facing north-east. Rear stairs adjacent to the kitchen give direct access to the ground floor laundry and provide a rear door for the residence. Entrance is gained from Cedar Street via an external concrete staircase arriving at the central organising corridor. A number of partitions and door leaves have been removed. The rear verandah has been enclosed with casement windows. A toilet and laundry and associated rooftop drying area have been added off the north-east corner of the verandah.</p><br>
<p>A garage which was constructed to the rear of the site off Cedar Street has been demolished. Additional vehicle accommodation and workshop space has been constructed to the rear of the Station. Parallel to Cedar Street six bays of garages and workshops in brick and timber stretch from the rear of the Station building to the rear boundary. Four bays lie adjacent and parallel to the rear of the Station.</p><br>
<p>The adjacent timber framed cottage is clad with chamferboards, sits on short timber stumps and is covered by a pyramid roof. The cottage has four rooms organised off a central corridor, an attached kitchen wing and front and rear verandahs. The front steps have been removed and the front verandah balustrades sheeted with fibro. The rear verandah is enclosed and accommodates a small porch and toilet. Within the cottage, several partitions have been removed and new openings made. Some stumps have been replaced with steel columns.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Wynnum Ambulance Station was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 26 March 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>With the associated cottage and garages/workshops, the former Ambulance Station demonstrates the evolution of the site and the development of ambulance services in the Wynnum district in response to changes in technology and increased demand for the services. As the earlier ambulance station, the adjacent cottage is important as part of the complex showing the progress of the ambulance service from temporary accommodation to a purpose-built building. The location of the Station demonstrates the importance of the railway link to Wynnum which facilitated the transfer of patients to the hospitals in Brisbane City.</p><br>
<p>The Wynnum ambulance service was an important civic and community association that emerged in response to the expansion of the Wynnum district during the early decades of the twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The former Wynnum Ambulance Station survives as the only known example of an early masonry residential ambulance station for Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The former Wynnum Ambulance Station is an important example of the early design for residential ambulance stations in Queensland, a two-storeyed building incorporating ambulance service facilities at ground level and living quarters at the upper level, developed and refined from the first purpose-built headquarters in Wharf Street, Brisbane (1897).</p><br>
<p>The building is substantially intact and is important for demonstrating the principal characteristics of early residential ambulance stations.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The former Wynnum Ambulance Station makes a substantial contribution to the streetscape. This building belongs within the tradition of well composed civic buildings, including police stations, courthouses and schools, designed by the Department of Public Works prior to World War II.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Wynnum Ambulance Station building is important for its association with the Queensland Ambulance Service (formerly QATB) during its phase of expansion into outer Brisbane and Queensland regional areas.</p><br>
<p>Storeton Hall was a country house in the village of Storeton, Wirral, Merseyside, England. It was built in the 14th century for the Stanley family and consisted of an H-shaped building including a great hall. Only the north wing, a wall of the great hall, and a block between them that contained a chapel, have survived, and have been incorporated into farm buildings. The remains of the hall are recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The manor of Storeton came into the possession of the Stanley family, the predecessors of the Earls of Derby, in the 13th century. William Stanley built the hall in the late 14th century, and until about 1480 it was the principal residence of the family. The hall had an H-plan with a great hall, a north wing containing chambers on two storeys, a south service wing, and a block containing a chapel on the ground floor at the corner of the north wing and the great hall. Extensive remains of the hall have been incorporated into farm buildings of Storeton Hall Farm.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The hall was built with sandstone from Storeton Quarry. Inside, in the upper storey, are the remains of a fireplace. The block containing the former chapel has a timber-framed gable containing pigeon holes, and an external staircase. The outer wall of the east wing (the inner wall of the former great hall) contains, from the north, a blocked doorway that gave access to the north wing, traces of two blocked windows, and a blocked doorway with a pointed head.</p><br>
<h2>Appraisal</h2><br>
<p>The remains of Storeton Hall were designated a Grade II* listed building on 27 December 1962. Grade II* is the middle of the three grades of listing and is applied to "particularly important buildings of more than special interest". The description in the National Heritage List for England states that "although remaining only in part, the buildings are an interesting medieval survival".</p><br>
<p>The Rumford Falls Power Company Building is a historic commercial building at 59 Congress Street in the central business district of Rumford, Maine. This two-story Beaux Arts building was designed by New York City architect Henry J. Hardenbergh and built in 1906 for the Rumford Falls Power Company, the enterprise responsible for Rumford&#39;s main period of growth in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Rumford Falls Power Company was founded in 1882 by the Canadian-American entrepreneur Hugh J. Chisholm, who recognized the power potential of the Rumford Falls on the Androscoggin River. The company dammed the river, ran a railroad line to the area, and built what was essentially a company town organized around the production of paper products. The company retained New York City architect Henry J. Hardenbergh, probably best known for the first instance (no longer standing) of the Waldorf Astoria New York, Boston&#39;s Copley Plaza Hotel, to design its offices in downtown Rumford.</p><br>
<p>The building Hardenbergh designed is a two-story brick-and-concrete structure, standing at the southwest corner of Congress and Exchange Street. Its two street-facing facades are essentially identical, divided into three sections separated by projecting piers. These piers consist of alternating bands of yellow brick and concrete on the first level, a molded concrete shield panel at the level of a band separating the first and second levels, and a decorative cornstalk-motif panel set in an otherwise brick pier at the second level. The two outer bays of each elevation are small, housing only arched entries; the outer bays have been enclosed with glass doorways, while that at the corner has a single recessed entry accessible via either arch. The central bay at the first level consists of an array of plate glass windows, topped by a metal cornice. The second level central bay has seven sash windows, separated by brick piers topped by concrete medallions. The outer bays of the upper level have paired sash windows separated by slender columns. A concrete banding course separates the second level windows from a brick entablature and simple dentillated cornice. The building originally carried a wide cornice topped by a low urned parapet, but this has been removed.</p><br>
<p>The Asa Bates Memorial Chapel, also known as the Ten Lots Chapel, is a historic church and community center at 2 Ten Lots Road in Fairfield, Maine. The Classical Revival brick building was built in 1916-18 by Milton LaForest Williams, who was raised in the community by his grandfather, Asa Bates, and was one of its major early 20th-century benefactors. It is the most architecturally imposing building in the small community, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Bates Chapel is a single-story brick building, with an imposing Roman temple front supported by four Doric columns. They support an entablature that continues around the sides of the building, and which is topped by a modillioned gable pediment with a half-round fan window at its center. The facade underneath the temple front is three bays wide, separated by marble pilasters. The entrance, in the central bay, is topped by a square diamond-grilled transom, and framed by a simple marble surround. The side elevations each have three tall windows, set above small basement windows. A small gable-roofed brick extension projects from the center of the rear elevation.</p><br>
<p>The entrance leads into a vestibule area, with a library room to the side, which occupies about one-third of the building. The rear two-thirds of the building are taken up by an auditorium, separated from the vestibule by sliding mahogany doors. The interior walls and ceiling are plastered, joined by coved plasterwork in the auditorium. Stairs lead from the vestibule down to the basement, which houses a large open room, from which a kitchen area is partitioned.</p><br>
<p>The Ten Lots area was settled in 1774, and is roughly divided between the towns of Fairfield and Oakland. Milton LaForest Williams was raised in this community by his grandfather, Asa Bates (1794-1878), and he gave this building to the community as a church and community center. Williams died in 1919, and is interred in Oakland&#39;s Lake View Cemetery, which was also a target of his gifts. It is not known who designed the building.</p><br>
